Assessment of the pesticide residues in foods imported to the United Kingdom, 2000-2017
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- Tez No: 715176
- Danışmanlar: Belirtilmemiş.
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Gıda Mühendisliği, Food Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2019
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Unıversıty Of Hertfordshıre
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
In this study, data of the last 18 years of UK pesticide residue monitoring programme between 2000 and 2017 was analysed to determine changes in pesticide residue levels in imported foods over time. The main purpose here was to investigate and reveal factors and causes that contribute to change, such as political reasons, regulative factors and other reasons. This study also produced the global and spatial patterns of residue levels in foods imported to the UK using GIS technique to clearly illustrate the residue differences between exporting countries. A total of 29,558 imported food samples was analysed in the UK monitoring programme between 2000 and 2017 to check for any pesticide residues. It was found that 14,687 of those samples (49.7%) contained detectable residues and 937 of total analysed samples (3.2%) violated MRLs. Overall, an increased trend in imported foods containing both detectable residues and exceeding MRLs was clearly found. A significant shift in both detectable residue and MRLs violation rates of total samples was determined before and after 2010. Several factors affecting the increase and change in pesticide residue levels were determined. • Regulations and legal frameworks that have been constantly amended were found as main factors. In particular, with the entry into force of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, it was determined that there were significant changes that would directly affect the levels of pesticide residues in the monitoring programme, including introduction of fully harmonized EU MRLs, modifying MRLs, increases in MRL-defined active substances and MRL-defined products. • With the adoption of Directive 882/2004/EC, the accreditation of ISO/IEC 17025:2005 has been adopted to ensure that all official laboratories comply with new analytical methods and criteria. • The analysis methods and instruments developed by technological improvements were also found to be main factors for the significant shift. • The numbers of annually analysed samples were found to increase after 2000. The reason for this was that major changes in the sampling methods were introduced in 2001 and Directive 2002/63/EC that introduced the representative number of samples were adopted to legalize the changes in 2002. • The establishment of FSA and EFSA and their activities on MRLs can consider two important political issues. iii Finally, the proportion of imported foods with residues or the amounts of residues in imported foods were found to greatly vary by country. The highest MRL violation rates for EU countries were found in samples from Cyprus (8.9%), Poland (4.6%), Spain (1.5%), Italy (1.3%) and France (1.1). The highest MRL violation rates for third countries were found in samples from Bangladesh (56.3%), Malaysia (35.6%), Jordan (19.7%), Jamaica (18.6%), India (16.5%), Cambodia (14.3%), Pakistan (12.3%) Kenya (12.1%), Ghana (11.8%), Colombia (10.7%), Thailand (10.5%) and Burma (10%). Thus, samples imported from non-European countries had more average non-compliant rates than foods of EU. Pesticides, pesticide regulations and pest problems reasonably differ in each exporting country because of differences in environmental conditions and product types. Levels of pesticide residues also considerably vary between processed foods and unprocessed raw agricultural products as well as between plant origin and animal foods. This study concluded that fruit and vegetables and cereals had a higher occurrence of quantified residues as well as higher MRLs violation rates compared to animal products. Given that countries export different foodstuffs, it is normal that there are differences between the residue levels of exporting countries.
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