Betonarmede konstrüktif esaslar, detaylandırma ve donatım sanatı
Constructive requriements, detailing and the art of detailing for reinforced concrete elements
- Tez No: 39644
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. HALİT DEMİR
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Betonarme, Bina bilgisi, Detaylandırma, Konstrüktif özellikler, Reinforced concrete, Building information, Detailing, Constructive properties
- Yıl: 1994
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
ÖZET Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak sunulan bir çalışmanın konusunu betonarmede kostrüktif esaslar, detaylandırma ve donatım sanatı oluşturmaktadır. Beş bölümden oluşan bu çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, konunun önemi ortaya konularak giriş yapılamaktadır. ikinci bölüm, iki ana kondan oluşmaktadır Aderans ve kenetleme. Aderans başlığı altındaki bölümde, betonarmenin varlığının doğrudan doğruya bağlı olduğu aderansla ilgili genel bilgiler verilmektedir. Kenetleme başlığı altındaki bölümde ise, çeşitli durumlarda kenetlemenin nasıl sağlanacağına ilişkin kurallar açıklanmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde, genel yapı elemanlarına ilişkin konstrüktit esaslar incelenmiş ve uygulamaya ilişkin önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Dördüncü bölüm, daha önceki bölümlerde verilmesi uygun görülmemiş olan ve uygulamada sıkça karşılaşılan bazı özel durumlara ilişkin bilgi ve detayları içermektedir. Beşinci bölümde, konunun önemi tekrar vurgulanarak sonuçlar verilmiştir. Ayrıca konuyla ilgili olması sebebiyle, statik-betonarme proje düzenleme esaslarının, uygulama Örneklerini de içerecek şekilde Ek-A bölümünde özetle verilmesi uygun görülmüştür. Vll
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY Constructive Requirements, Detailing and The Art of Detailing For Reinforced Concrete Elements Because of its high strength, capability to take the desired shape and usually as an economic material, reinforced concrete is used in many different structures. These properties of reinforced concrete make it a widely used material and provide for it new areas of application. However, when a reinforced concrete structure is being designed, we meet many parameters which affect the behavior of the reinforced concrete and complicate the calculations. Therefore, it is necessary to make some assumptions and idealizations which make easier the calculations. It is clear that these assumptions and idealizations are not made by differing from the natural behavior of reinforced concrete members. Nevertheless, it is not also enough to make a safe and economic design. The completed structures must behave the same way as the strength and behavior which are taken into consideration in the design stage. We know that structures do not behave the same as their design assumptions, they behave the same as constructed. Moreover it is a fact that reinforced concrete elements of the structure will behave different ways with different placing of the reinforcement. The structure should be well designed and the necessary care and control should be provided in the construction stage to avoid any damage, especially under lateral forces. The basic requirements and their importance should be well known to achieve above aims. Therefore, constructive requirements, detailing and the art of detailing for reinforced concrete elements have been chosen as the investigation topic of this Master Thesis. This study consists of five parts. In the first part, the aim of the study is introduced. The second part consists of two main chapter. In the first chapter the bond problem has been examined. When a load is applied to the elements, reinforcement steel can receive its share of the load only by means of the bond from the surrounding concrete. Bond stress is the name assigned to the shear stress at the bar-concrete interface which, by transferring load between the bar and surrounding concrete, modifies the steel stresses. This bond, when efficiently developed, enables the two materials to form a composite structure. The attainment of satisfactory performance in bond is the most important aim of the detailing of reinforcement in structural components. Bond strength is a more serious problem when only plain reinforcing bars is used. Surface deformations on bars provide an extra element of bond strength and safety. On the other hand, the behavior of deformed bars, in particular the introduction of high-strength steels and large diameter bars, present some new viiiproblems. Therefore, the designer must be aware of the aspects of bond and anchorage that can critically affect structural behavior. Bond stresses in reinforced concrete members arise from two distinct situations: From the anchorage at bars (Fig 1.) and from the change of bar force along its length, due to change in bending moment along the member (Fig 2.). These situations and the most important factors which affect the nature of band resistance have been also examined in this chapter.. ' <o,'..,.,............#... &.. '.... *... :..'«> 9.. '.'.<\.. :«.....* *. *.._..?,»?' Cb) h - v 3- r.A.G, r^TT-r-n 1 1 J I T<<Aglytf (c) r/rtTITTM r <» A, 'yd Figl The generation of anchorrage bond ?..}- *-T*AT Fig 2. The generation of flexural bond IXIn the second chapter of the second part, general provisions have been examined for development and splices of reinforcement as related to bond, to overall detailing of structural member and to general specifications. Reinforcements must be anchored into the concrete in order that a reinforced concrete member can behave as desired. According to“Turkish Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (TS-500)”it is not necessary to control bond stress, if development length of the reinforcement is provided. Development is provided by embedding the reinforcing bar into the concrete as much as the main development length (lb). The necessary development length changes according to bar profiles and the location of the bars. Reinforcements shall be developed by using embedment length, hooks, welded wire fabric or mechanical devices. The splicing of reinforcements could be done as lap splice, welded splice and mechanical connection. In the third part, constructive requirements for reinforced concrete have been examined and some practical advices have been given. Constructive requirements have been obtained from experimental studies and from the investigations on the damaged and collapsed structures. In this part, reinforced concrete columns, beams, slaps, foundations, walls, deep beams and brackets, which are the general reinforced concret elements, have been examined. « *1 ? >! » m V * (a) (b) (e) (f) (g) (h) Fig 3. Main column shapesReinforced concrete columns are used to transfer the load of a structure to its foundation. The main shapes of columns are square, rectangle or circle. Their shape may be different from these to solve special problems (Fig 3.). Ties or spirals are used for columns as horizontal reinforcement. These must provide adequate lateral support to each column bar, to prevent instability due to outward buckling. Therefore the maximum distance between two horizontal reinforcements must be less than 12 times the diameter of the column bar or 20 cm for tied columns, and 1/5 times the core diameter of the column or 8 cm for circular columns. For a minimum rigidity the smallest column size must not be less than 25 cm. In the mean time the diameter of circular column must not be less than 30 cm. The minimum vertical reinforcement ratio is 0.008 (in seismic zones 0.01) and there must be 4^14 for tied column and 6^14 for circular column. On the other hand, in seismic zones, a column may be subjected to very large bending moment and shear force. Therefore extra structural requirements, which are examined in this chapter, must be taken into consideration for earthquake resistance. Detailing of reinforced concrete columns is very important because all points of its cross section are used under every kind of loading. Further, columns carry the connected beams and above columns. Therefore, it should be remembered that a constructive fault in the column may cause the collapse all the structure. Beams, which are horizontal reinforced concrete elements, are generally subjected to bending moment and shear force. Especially, in seismic zones, for obtaining ductility it is demanded that beams should fail before columns. Therefore the cross sectional width of a beam should not be more than the supporting column width plus 1.5 times beam depth. The minimum diameter for any longitudinal bar should be 12 mm. The longitudinal reinforcement should be covered by close type stirrups with an angle of 135". The distance between two stirrups should not be more than 30 cm and 1/2 times the depth of the beam (h). This distance should not exceed h/4 for a distance of 2h from the support. General anchorage requirements must be taken into consideration for all of the beam reinforcements. Reinforced concrete floor slabs can be supported on either two or four sides by beams or walls. There are two main slab systems: One-way slab system and two-way slab system. There are also two special types of floor slab known as flat slabs and hollow floors. Flat floor slabs have a special type of construction in which the reinforced concrete floor slabs is sited directly onto columns which sometimes have enlarged flared head and without the use of beams. The thickness of slabs depends on loading, length of span and load bearing system. But this thickness should not be less than 8 cm (10 cm in seismic regions) for simple slabs, 5 cm (7 cm in seismic zones) for hollow floors and 15 cm for flat slabs. The reinforcement ratio changes according to types of slabs and steel. Foundations are necessary in order to transfer the total load of a structure to the soil. There are many types of foundations which are used for solving different problems. Therefore their design steps are different from each other. Consequently, the constructive requirements have been taken into consideration separately for each types of foundation and some important information about foundation tie-beams and other special situations have been given in this chapter. »Reinforced concrete walls are vertical members which have a horizontal length/thickness ratio of equal or more than 5. The thickness of shear wall should not be less than 15 cm. The distance between reinforcing bars for both horizontal and vertical direction should not be more than the thickness of the wall, 1/3 times the horizontal length of the wall and 30 cm. On the other hand the detailing around all openings and the anchorage of reinforcements in the joints are very important. Therefore the details must be applicable and clear. When the span/depth ratio of simply supported beams is less than 2, or less than 2.5 for any span of a continuos beam, these beams are called as deep beams. The traditional principles of stress analysis are neither suitable nor adequate to determine the strength of reinforced concrete deep beams. For this reason, approximate design techniques have been developed. They cover most load and boundary conditions, take into account the fact that the concrete cracks in the tension zones, and suit better the construction requirements. The necessary constructive information for detailing the deep beams and placing of the reinforcing bars, which is very important at the support points, are given in the chapter of deep beams. The shape of brackets may be trapezoidal or rectangular. The anchorage of the horizontal reinforcements, which are effective for carrying the load, should be done with great care and carefully not causing any damage. In the fourth part, some information and details have been given for special parts which have not been examined in the preceding sections. These parts are the connections of below and above columns and offset between column faces, the connection of the columns with foundations, types of column-beam joints, main beam-secondary beam connections and transmitting of point loads which are applied underside of beams, openings in slabs systems, structural members with not straight axes. In the fifth part, the conclusions and suggestions have been given. Consequently, design of a reinforced concrete structure do not result with the calculations. Drawings should be clear and complete. Placing of the reinforcements should be the same as their design assumptions and the necessary care and control should be provided in the construction stage. It is clear that the information about structural behavior, constructive requirements and detailing are necessary to achieve above aims. Therefore the detailer and the engineer must take into consideration these requirements by being conscious of their responsibilities. XII
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