Bir sanayi yapısı için ülkemiz koşullarına göre en ekonomik taşıyıcı sistemin araştırılması
The searching an economical system for the industrial structure in Turkey
- Tez No: 83015
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. YALMAN ODABAŞI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Kafes sistemler, Taşıyıcı sistemler, Truss systems, Supporting systems
- Yıl: 1999
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
BİR SANAYİ YAPISI İÇİN ÜLKEMİZ KOŞULLARINA GÖRE EN EKONOMİK TAŞIYICI SİSTEM ARAŞTIRMASI ÖZET Yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada endüstri yapısı olarak yapılacak bir yapının ülkemiz koşullarına en ekonomik taşıyıcı sisteminin araştırılması yapılmıştır. Sistem enine doğrultuda 40 metre ve boyuna doğrultuda 150 metredir. 40 metrelik açıklık ortasında en fazla bir sıra kolon tertiplenmiştir. Boyuna doğrultuda ise kolon aralan için bir sınırlama bulunmamaktadır. İlk önce profil aşık ve destekli aşık karşılaştınlmıştır. Profil aşık kullanıldığında 6 metrelik açıklık 1120 profille geçilmiştir. Destekli aşıkta ise 10 metrelik açıklık 1100 ile geçilmiştir. Yapılan karşılaştırmada profil aşığın daha ekonomik olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. Daha sonra 4 tip taşıyıcı sistem belirlenmiş ve gerekli ön hesaplar yapılmıştır. Sistemlerin analizinde iki yükleme ve üç farklı kombinasyon yapılmıştır. Yüklemeler: 1. Düşey Yük (Özağırlık + Kar) 2. Rüzgar Yüklemesi Kombinasyonlar: 1. Düşey Yük 2. Düşey Yük + Rüzgar Yüklemesi 3. Özağırlık + Rüzgar Yüklemesi Kafes sistemlerde (Sistemi ve Sistem2) kenar kolonlar ankastre ve orta kolon pandül kolon olarak dizayn edilmiştir. Ankastre kolon kesiti olarak I profili, orta kolon kesiti olarak da (2 [ ) profili kullanılmıştır. Çerçeve sistemlerde (Sistem3 ve Sistem4) bütün kolonlar temelde mafsallı olarak dizayn edilmiştir. Çerçeve kesitleri olarak yapma kesitlarden faydalanılmıştır. Sistem4'te enine doğrultuda orta kolonsuz 40 metrelik açıklık geçildiği için momentin büyük çıktığı çerçeve köşelerinde guseler yapılmıştır. Ayrıca kolon kesiti gövde yüksekliği 1000 mm olduğu için kolonda her 1 m'de bir berkitmeler kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, 4 sistemin karşılaştırılması sonunda en ekonomik taşıyıcı sistemin Sistemi trapez kafes kirişi olduğu görülmüştür. Aşık sistemi olarak da 6 m'lik ortadan gergili 1120 profil aşık sisteminin ekonomik olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. vııı
Özet (Çeviri)
THE SEARCHING AN ECONOMICAL SYSTEM FOR THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE IN TURKEY SUMMARY In this study prepared as a master thesis an economical system for the industrial structure is searched. Safety, durability and economy are three main design criteria in civil engineering. Civil engineers try to find out how to create the most usable and the strongest buildings with the lowest expenditure. The factor of economy is getting more important in building industry. Designers have to find out different systems for the economy. The area has forty to one hundred fifty meters dimension plan. It can be used a column in the forty meters span for the structural systems. The most economical system out of four type of steel structures is searched that can be applied on this field. The plain truss systems or frames considered here in with covering forty to one hundred fifty meters plain area were desingned by supporting in every six meters at the sides of one hundred fifty meters span. At the first part of this study, four structural systems have been considered. In figure (l.a) and (Lb), plain truss systems have been chosen. Figure (l.a) is called trapezoidal plain truss system. Figure (l.b) is called parallel plain truss system. In figure (l.c) and (l.d), plain frames have been chosen. In these choices some economic researchs were used for some parts of the structures. These obtained results have been shown at the part of results of the study in a table. Four systems have been designed under effect of dead load, snow load and wind loads. It is the Turkish Standard (TS 498) in which these loads are defined. Using load combinations: Combination 1: Dead Load + Snow Load IXCombination 2: Vertical Load + Wind Load Combination 3: Dead Load + Wind Load In the design of the plain truss system structures the steps shown below are followed: a) For tension members;double angle cross section is chosen. °~Fn ~CÇ'em F =F-AF b) For compression members; ©S Tj «.em i - ıh. ı -S- ill 1 V y y Fn=net cross section area A,=max(Xx,Xy) ^. co (2.1) In the design of the plain frame system structures the steps shown below are followed: a) Design of the beams,. The cross section is chosen.. Moment and shear force diagrams are obtained.. The normal stress which is occurred by maximum moment is controlled. M. a = W <o\ Maximum shear stress is controlled. x=Q-xS'^. Lxb (2.2) (2.3) Maximum deflection is restricted by the value L/300.b) Design of the columns;. The cross section of the column is chosen. Cross section is prepared by combining some sectional plates.. The buckling lengths of columns are determined by the Turkish Standard 648. For the members subjected to axial force and bending moment; the following formulas are used with respect to TS648. b,em + m ~bx - + -. - ^L-JS. - <1,0 and l °%b oBx 1_.°* °By ^ a«J (2.4) Geb ^b* °by 0,6 -o, oBx aBy In all systems it has been used a static analysis program as a SAP90 Structural Analysis Program. The units used are in tons and meters. Explanation and calculation criterias of the systems can be summarized as folows:. Systeml (Trapezoidal plain truss system): This system is formed by plain truss that is supported by hinges on the side fixed columns and simply supported column at the middle. The cross sections of the columns were chosen to be profiles. The structure of the plain truss system is importance in the economical aspects of the project. During the design of plain truss, the node number is increased in the top chord whereas, in the bottom chord it is reduced. The length of bottom chord members under compression are shorter. Therefore, the aim of being more economical is achieved. Furthermore, since the slope of the top chord is small and the formation of the nodes on the columns is easier, the shape of the plain truss structure is chosen to be trapeziodal. As it shown in figure (l.a), trapezoidal plain truss system have been chosen. System height is seven meters. The support nodes and restraints of this system are as follows: Node 1 restrained in Y and Z direction, Node 13 restrained in Z direction. Double angle profiles are selected to define the members. In addition, this system is determind as the most economical system in the steel structures.. System2 ( Parallel plain truss system): In the System2, the column structure is absolutely the some with the columns in Systeml, while, the shape and structure of the plain truss system is different from the plain truss in the first system. In this system the bottom and top chords are parellel to each other different from Systeml. The advantage of this system is to have a better water drainage system due to the outward slope of the top chord. xiAs it shown in figure (l.b), parallel plain truss system have been chosen. System height is seven meters too. This system support node number and restraints are the same like Systeml. There are used double angle profiles.. System3: This system can be defined as a frame in the following aspects: The horizontal beams at the top and columns are rigidly connected to each other, whereas the columns are simply supported to the ground. This system is frequently used in weak ground conditions in order to exert vertical forces only on the foundation. Members of this system are formed by prepared sections from plates. This system support node numbers and restraints are as follows: Node 1, Node 5 and Node 6 restrained in Y and Z direction.. System4: This system is advantageous when longer span is required due to the lack of middle column. Therefore, the absence of middle column results in higher weight in comparison with all other systems. According to the results, this system is the most weighty all systems. This system support node numbers and restraints are as follows: Node 1 and Node 9 in Yand Z direction. In this project, firstly profile purlin and diagonally supported purlin those can be applied in this area, are compared in economic aspects. While using profile purlin, the distance between two successive main supporting system is chosen as 6m. But with diagonally supported purlin, the distance exceeds 10m. For the profile purlin, 1120 cross section is used, whereas for diagonally supported purlin 1100 is used. Finally, due to the construction difficulties and the weight of the materials used pen 1 meter, profile purlin is used in the design instead of diagonally supported profile. According to the results; the economical percentage of Systeml trapezoidal truss system is 7% according to the parallel plain truss system. The most expensive system is System4. The economical percentage of Systeml 37% according to the System3. At the end of this study, it is shown as an economical system is System 1 plain truss system for only weight. xn1.a) SİSTEM 1 1.b) SİSTEM 2 1.c) SİSTEM 3 1.d) SİSTEM 4 SEKİL 1.1 UYGULANACAK TAŞIYICI SİSTEMLER X1U
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