Antik Çağ'da gemi çapaları, yapım teknolojisi ve sınıflandırma
Ancient anchors, their technology and classification
- Tez No: 51735
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. CEVDET BAYBURTOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Arkeoloji, Archeology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Antik gemi, Gemi çapaları, Gemiler, Klasik arkeoloji, Yapım teknolojisi, Çapa, Antique ship, Ship anchors, Ships, Classical archeology, Production technology, Anchor
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Ankara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
Anchors are the not known aspects of ancient ship. In addition to being feund recovered from ancient shipwrecks, we have pictures and written evidence of anchors coming to us from antiquity. The earliest information comes from the Iliad of Homer and also wall frescoes in Egyptian tombs. In the beginning anchors had no specific shapes. They were simply stones with a rope tied to them. Later on specific shapes were made which improved their effectiveness. Anchors with one hole for the rope were first developed and used on rocky sites. There holed anchors, with pointed sticks thrust through two of the holes, were later used for sandy bottoms. Also oblong shaped stones were used and these became the prototyp for the anchor stock which developed later. Fallowing the stone anchor stock, lead and iron came into use and the anchors were much stronger. Anchors with stone stocks, lead stocks and later removable stocks were in the Roman and Byzantine period and were used and improved in Medieval times. In that time a number of different shapes and production techniques were tried. We can see this development in the construction of lead and iron anchors, and also from of the shank and arms anchors of the this period can be dated. The Roman Republic period anchors arms were perpendicular to. the stock. Also the lengths of the arms and shank were the same. In the Imperial time the arms76 were half moon shaped. In the late Imperial period the arms were perpendicular to the body, and the anchor typs were bent towards it. The Roman historian, Plinius, said that lead was first used by the Etruscans. In the second half of the first millennium lead was the standard material for anchor stock construction, but both stone and lead anchor stocks were used. The point where are arm connects to the shank is the weakest part of the anchor was strengthened with clamps. Lead anchor stocks and clamps were cast using wooden moulds built around the wooden body and arms. First of all a straight stick was surraunded with a wooden mould and them the mould was filled with melted lead. Sometimes wooden pieces and stones were added to the mould in order to save lead, wich was precious in ancient times. Wooden anchors with stone stock, lead cast wooden stocks, lead stocks and also wooden stocks covered with lead, and also removable stocks, were all produced and used in this period. Iron anchors were first used in conjunction with lead anchors. The earliest lead anchors were dated to the Hellenistic period. The wide angled arms and shaft of earlier wooden anchors were copied. The arms of iron anchors were wider apart. In the early Christian period the arms became half moon shaped and later were pointed in towards the shank. After the second century AD the arms were in a straight line perpendicular to the shank. During the 9 th and 10 th century“Y”shaped arms appeared. The Serçe Liman anchors, dated to the// eleventh century, were made from individual parts which were heated and worged together. Typically about fifteen different pieces were used. Scientific research tells us that ancient ships carried many anchors. Fop example the 7 th century AD ship excavated at Yassı Ada carried 11 iron anchors. Research like this shows us how anchors developed.
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