The adaptability of slab track systems to unstable areas
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 401445
- Danışmanlar: DR. DERMOT KELLY, DR. FELIX SCHMID
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2011
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: The Unıversıty Of Bırmıngham
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the potential positive impacts of applying slab track systems in unstable areas and the advantages of using them for mitigating earthquake effects. This aim is addressed under four major headings. Firstly, the author characterises different track systems, with their advantages and drawbacks in terms of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety. Secondly, types of slab track systems, their features, requirements, advantages and disadvantages are examined. He documents how the track systems are built in unstable regions or areas with active seismic behaviour. Finally, he discusses the applicability of slab track systems to deal with Turkish ground conditions. Together with advantages in terms of journey times, the widespread adoption of high speed trains in many countries brings some requirements in terms of safety due to speeds rising above 250 km/h. This being said, in order to address these requirements track system selection is becoming more and more important. Therefore, this selection leads one to evaluate products supplied by companies that produce slab track. Many companies supply slab track products and solutions. Various types of concrete slab track are in use in Japan, Europe and North America. The use of slab track provides benefits to the operators in terms of RAMS (reliability, availability, maintainability and safety) as well as life cycle cost despite its high initial cost. In Japan, the maintenance cost of slab track is a quarter of that of ballasted track. However, recent surveys show that slab track construction costs are 30% to 50% higher than standard ballasted track. Slab track companies have introduced innovations that result in reductions of maintenance and life cycle cost. This type of track can provide better level crossing for the mixture traffic zones or emergency access. Moreover, slab track systems have been used for reducing the tunnel height, track construction depth and increasing the availability of the systems in specific circumstances. However, not every country have same ground conditions; while some of them are struggling with extreme weather conditions, others must cope with seismic behaviour of the ground that has to be considered during design processes. There are a great variety of organisations which include national railways and specific major projects that suffer from weak ground and that are a very difficult problem for both high speed and heavy freight train operations. Failures can cause major incidents. In case of an accident, millions of pounds of damage can occur and people may be killed or injured. Earthquakes can be very dangerous where the ground is weak, which is a very common problem occurring in many parts of the world and it can have devastating impacts on transportation systems, buildings or the habitat of the people.Earthquakes may result in soil liquefaction that has major hazardous effects on the structures. There are also other earthquake impacts that can affect the people such as surface ruptures or land sliding. Earthquake effect mitigation methods have been described for many years by engineers. However, engineers have still not developed sufficient methods to tackle ground ruptures and land sliding, except for some basic methods. Liquefaction is a phenomenon where a mass of soil loses a large percentage of its shear resistance, when subjected to monotonic, cyclic, or shock loading and flows in a manner resembling a liquid until the shear stresses acting on the mass are as low as the reduced shear resistance. There are a number of different options, as shown in Section 5.4, which suggest the retrofitting of the sub-structure conditions to the railway systems in the case of soil liquefactions occurring, whether for new or already existing track. Spread footing systems and pile foundation systems bring many advantages for the slab track systems. The author shows the advantages of slab track for unstable areas by the way of using these methods. Furthermore, even if other mitigation methods are available for unstable ground conditions they are very expensive and difficult to apply for many railways. The author suggests that Turkish State Railways use feasibility studies for the high speed lines. If the line consists of many special parts such as tunnels, viaducts or substructures, slab track is the best option for construction. For example, tunnel heights or bridge loads can be reduced with slab track systems. Therefore, the economic advantage may be caught. The slab track systems should also be used for busy networks as it is a good option thanks to the availability issues. In general, the embedded track systems and floating slab track systems are better options for the Turkish State railway. Both types allow changing some part of the structure. Moreover, nowadays the new developed BBEST systems present opportunities to reduce installation and maintenance cost. It should be considered as a noteworthy suggestion for TCDD.
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