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A Systematic Literature Review over Predicting Binge Eating Disorder through Loss of Control Eating in Adolescents: Does Size of Food Matter?

Ergenlerde Yeme Kontrolü Kaybi Yoluyla Asiri Yeme Bozukluğunun Tahmin Edilmesine iliskin Sistematik Bir Literatür Taramasi: Yiyeceğin Bovutu Önemli Mi?

  1. Tez No: 925720
  2. Yazar: MİNA KARTAL
  3. Danışmanlar: DR. ÖĞR. ÜYESİ ALESSANDRO TRIDICO
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Psikoloji, Psychology
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 2022
  8. Dil: İngilizce
  9. Üniversite: Queen Mary Unıversıty Of London
  10. Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Psikoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.

Özet

GİRİŞ 3 I. DSM-5'deki Binge Eating ve Tanı Kriterleri 3 II. Ergenlerde Binge Eating Bozukluğu 5 III. Binge Eating (BED) ve Kontrolsüz Yeme (LOC) Arasındaki İlişki 8 IV. Araştırma Sorusu 11 V. Çalışma Tanımları 11 YÖNTEMLER 14 I. Araştırma Yaklaşımı 14 II. Arama Stratejisi 14 III. Uygunluk/Dahil Etme ve Hariç Tutma Kriterleri 16 IV. Seçim Süreci 17 V. Kalite Değerlendirmesi ve Veri Çıkarımı 19 SONUÇLAR: ANLATISAL SENTEZ 22 I. Yetişkin Binge Eating Bozukluğu ve Ergenlerde LOC-ED Karşılaştırmasına Dair Bulgular 22 II. Ergenlerde LOC ve BED Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Bulgular 23 III. Ergenlerde LOC'un Bir Parçası Olarak SBE ve OBE Üzerine Bulgular 24 TARTIŞMA 29 SONUÇ 34 I. Sınırlamalar 34 II. Sonuç 35 KAYNAKLAR 37 GİRİŞ Binge yeme bozukluğu hayati tehlike arz eden bir yeme bozukluğudur. Obezite ve diğer olumsuz fiziksel sonuçlar, psikopatoloji, ruh düzensizliği (Grucza et al., 2007; Conti et al., 2017), sıkıntı ve işlev bozukluğu ile ilişkilendirilir (McClelland et al., 2019). Her iki cinsiyette de en yaygın yeme bozukluğudur (Chambers, 2009). Tüketilen yiyeceğin içeriğini ve miktarını kontrol edememe, DSM-5'te açıklandığı gibi LOC yeme olarak açıklanır. Ancak LOC-ED (yeme bozukluğu) Binge Eating Bozukluğu'ndan farklıdır. BED ve LOC (bozukluk olarak) obezite ile ilişkilendirilmiştir, ayrıca diğer fizyolojik ve psikososyal uyumlar ve sonuçlar (Miller et al, 2014; Radin et al, 2015; Sonneville et al, 2013) ile birlikte bulunmuştur. LOC yeme, bazı yazarlara (Hilbert et al, 2013; Schlüter et al, 2015) göre ergenlikte BED'nin bir öncüsü olarak gösterilirken, diğerleri tarafından (Munsch, 2021) BED'nin subklinik bir varyantı olarak ve BED'nin temel davranışsal özelliği olarak tanımlanmıştır (Colles, Dixon & O'Brien, 2008). Açıkça, LOC ve BED'deki aşırı yeme, yeterli yüzey geçerliliğine sahiptir ve karşılıklı olarak tetikleyici gibi görünmektedir. Ancak, bazı çalışmalar BED ve binge yeme nöbetlerinin (BE) LOC olmadan var olduğunu gösterirken, daha az sayıda çalışma LOC'nin BED olmadan varlığına işaret etmektedir (Goldschmidt, 2018). Bu varsayılan ilişki, özellikle ergenlik döneminde, tüketilen yiyeceğin normal veya aşırı yemek olarak nesnel olarak işaretlenememesi nedeniyle daha da belirsiz hale gelir (Shomaker, Tanofsky-Kreff & Yanovski, 2011; MacGuire, 2010). Bu bağlamda, BED, BE ve LOC arasındaki ilişki üzerine akademik çalışmaların tutarsız olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sistematik derleme, Ergenlerde Binge Eating Bozukluğu ile Kontrolsüz Yeme Bozukluğu arasındaki ilişki üzerine bulguları özetlemekte ve LOC'nin BED'nin bir öncüsü, subklinik bir varyantı veya temel davranışsal özelliğinin geçerliliği konusundaki literatürdeki boşlukları göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. I. Binge Yeme ve DSM-5'teki Tanı Kriterleri Zihinsel Bozuklukların Tanısal ve İstatistiksel El Kitabı (DSM-5), Binge Yeme Bozukluğunu“tekrarlayan ataklarla karakterize edilen ve... (1) benzer koşullar altında benzer bir süre içinde çoğu insanın tüketeceğinden kesinlikle daha fazla yiyecek miktarı tüketme eylemi ve (2) atak sırasında yeme üzerinde kontrol eksikliği hissi”olarak tanımlar (American Psychiatric Publishing/APP, 2013: 350). DSM-4'ten önce, binge yeme bozukluğu genellikle bulimia nervoza (BN) bir etkisi olarak veya EDNOS (diğer türlü belirtilmemiş yeme bozukluğu) olarak değerlendiriliyordu; ancak günümüzde DSM-5'te, binge yeme bozukluğunun belirli tanı kriterleri vardır ve bunlar BN veya AN ile ilişkilendirilmez. bu nedenle BN (veya AN) ile birbirini dışlayan durumlar olarak kabul edilir (Wilmshurst, Kaufman & Kaufmann, 2015: 249). Binge yeme bozukluğu olarak tanımlanabilmesi için, DSM-5, yeme atağının en az üç koşul ile ilişkilendirilmesi gerektiğini belirtir: normalden çok daha hızlı bir yeme eylemi; ortalama tüketim miktarından daha büyük miktarda yiyecek tüketme; yiyecek tüketme isteğinin fiziksel açlık hissinden gelmemesi; yeme eylemi utanç hisleriyle yalnız yapılması; yeme eylemi bireyi iğrenme, depresyon veya suçluluk duyguları veya son derece rahatsız edici fiziksel doygunlukla bırakmalıdır. Zorunlu koşul, bu eylemin haftada en az bir kez olacak şekilde tekrarlanması gerektiğidir. Tanısal olarak, Binge Yeme Bozukluğu, sağlıklı veya uygun olmayan bir telafi davranışıyla ilişkilendirilmez, bulimia nervoza'da olduğu gibi (APP, 2013: 351). Yeme eyleminin sıklığı temel olarak yeme atakları temel alınarak hesaplanır ve günlük bazda değil; bu anlamda, aşırı vakalar haftada 14'ten fazla yeme atağına ulaşabilir. ABD'deki yetişkinler arasındaki yaygınlık, kadın ve erkekler arasında sırasıyla %1,6 ile %0,8 olarak belirtilir ve DSM-5 (2013: 351) tarafından rapor edilir. Ayrıca, farklı etnik kökenlere sahip binge yeme bozukluğu bireylerinin yaygınlığının benzer oranda bulunduğu bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca, kilo kaybı tedavisi arayan bireyler arasında yaygınlığın arttığı rapor edilmiştir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü anketlerine göre (Kessler et al, 2013), binge yeme bozukluğu verilerinin kaydedilmesi ve gözden geçirilmesi ABD'ye kıyasla oldukça azdır, ancak WHO Dünya Ruh Sağlığı Anketi'nden çıkarılan uluslararası veriler, yetişkinler arasında binge yeme bozukluğunun medyan yoluyla sırasıyla %1,9 ve %0,9 olduğunu göstermektedir. ABD'deki trende göre (NEDA, 2018), yaşamları boyunca %0,2 ile %3,5 arasında ve erkeklerde %0,9 ile %2,0 arasında binge yeme bozukluğu geliştirmesi beklenmektedir. NEDA'nın sonuçları ayrıca yetişkinler arasında binge yeme bozukluğunun“anoreksi ve bulimiayı birleştirilmiş hali kadar yaygın olduğunu”belirtmektedir. Diğer ülkelerde yapılan çalışmalar, binge yeme bozukluğunun önemli ölçüde arttığını göstermiştir (Qian et al, 2013). Küresel Ölçekte Hastalık Yükü Çalışması (2019) tahminlerini kullanarak, Santomauro ve ark. (2019), Covid ve 2019 sırasında binge yeme bozukluğu vakalarının özellikle arttığını, ülkeler arasında 24,6 milyona kadar çıktığını belirtmektedir. II. Ergenlerde Binge Yeme Bozukluğu Önceki çalışmalar ve istatistiklere göre, ergenlerde binge yeme bozukluğunun yaygınlık düzeyleri önemli ölçüde artmaktadır. Uluslararası ölçekte, ardışık olarak kız ve erkek ergenlerin sırasıyla %26'sı ve %13'ü, kaydedilmeden önceki son 12 ayda en az bir binge yeme atağı yaşamıştır (Croll et al, 2002). Meta-analitik çalışmalarına göre, uluslararası ölçekte BED yaygınlık tahminleri çocuk ve ergenlerde sırasıyla %1,32 binge yeme bozukluğu ve %3,0 subklinik binge yeme bozukluğudur (Kjeldbjerg & Clausen, 2021).

Özet (Çeviri)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 3 I. Binge Eating and Its Diagnostic Criteria in DSM-5 3 II. Binge Eating Disorder in Adolescents 5 III. Relationship Between Binge Eating (BED) and Loss of Control Eating (LOC) 8 IV. Research Question 11 V. Working Definitions 11 METHODS 14 I. Research Approach 14 II. Search Strategy 14 III. Eligibility/Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 16 IV. Selection Process 17 V. Quality Assessment and Data Extraction 19 RESULTS: NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS 22 I. Findings about the comparison between full-range Adult Binge Eating Disorder and LOC-ED in Adolescents 22 II. Findings about LOC in adolescents and its link to BED 23 III. Findings about SBE and OBE as elements of LOC in adolescents 24 DISCUSSION 29 CONCLUSION 34 I. Limitations 34 II. Conclusion 35 References 37 INTRODUCTION Binge-eating disorder is a life-threatening eating disorder. It is associated with obesity and other adverse physical consequences and psychopathology, as well as mood dysregulation (Grucza et al., 2007; Conti et al., 2017), distress and impairment (McClelland et al., 2019). It is the most common eating disorder in both genders (Chambers, 2009). It is associated with inability to control the content and amount of consumed food, and a sense of LOC eating as explained in DSM-5. Yet, LOC-ED (eating disorder) is different than Binge Eating Disorder. BED and LOC (as disorder) have been both associated with obesity as well as other physiological and psychosocial correlates and outcomes (Miller et all, 2014; Radin et al, 2015; Sonneville et al, 2013). LOC eating has been indicated as a predictor of BED in adolescence by some authors (Hilbert et al, 2013; Schlüter et al, 2015), and as a subclinical variant of BED by others (Munsch, 2021), and the core behavioural feature of BED (Colles, Dixon & O'Brien, 2008). Evidently, LOC and overeating in BED have adequate face validity, and seem to be reciprocally triggering. However, few studies have indicated that BED and binge-eating episodes (BE) are present in the absence of LOC, and fewer studies indicate to the presence of LOC in the absence of BED (Goldschmidt, 2018). The assumed association becomes further ambiguous particularly in adolescence, when the consumed amount of food cannot be objectively marked as normal or overeating (Shomaker, Tanofsky-Kreff & Yanovski, 2011; MacGuire, 2010). In that regard, the scholarship over the relationship between BED, BE and LOC seems to be inconsistent. This systematic review summarizes findings on the association between Binge Eating Disorder and Loss of Control Disorder in adolescence, and the extent to which the literature has gaps over the validity of LOC as a precursor of, subclinical variant or core behavioural feature BED. In that regard, the aim of this systematic review is to show the major gaps in literature and recommend future research. I. Binge Eating and Its Diagnostic Criteria in DSM-5 Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines Binge-Eating Disorder as 'recurrent episodes of binge eating, […] characterized by […] (1) eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances, and (2) a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode' (American Psychiatric Publishing/APP, 2013: 350). Prior to DSM-4, binge-eating disorder was considered under either as an effect of bulimia nervosa (BN), or as EDNOS (eating disorder not otherwise specified); however, today in DSM-5, binge-eating disorder has its specific diagnostic criteria that are not associated with BN or AN. The most significant difference of binge-eating disorder is the loss of control while eating as well as frequency of the episodes, which fall out of the criteria foreseen for AN and BN. Further, while binge eating as an action itself is a part of bulimia nervosa since bulimic tendencies of self-induced vomiting represent compensatory behaviour of binge eating, BN's and BED's diagnostic criteria are significantly different, and binge-eating disorder is not associated with any compensatory behaviour, thus mutually exclusive with BN (or AN) (Wilmshurst, Kaufman & Kaufmann, 2015: 249). In order to be defined as binge-eating disorder, DSM-5 states that the eating episode has to be associated with at least three of the conditions given: eating action much more rapid than normal; the amount of food that is consumed larger than average consumption amounts; the drive to consume food does not come from a feeling of physical hunger; the eating action is done alone with the feelings of embarrassment; the action of eating should leave the individual with either feelings of disgust, depression or guilt, or physical fullness that is extremely uncomfortable. The obligatory condition is that this action should be recurrent, in a way that is repeated at least once a week for three months. Diagnostically, Binge Eating Disorder is not associated with compensation behaviour that is not healthy or inappropriate, such as in bulimia nervosa (APP, 2013: 351). The frequency of the eating action is counted at the basis of eating episodes and not on daily basis; and, in that sense, extreme cases can reach up to more than 14 binge-eating episodes per week. The prevalence in adults in the USA is indicated as 1.6% to 0.8% in females and males respectively, and it is reported in DSM-5 (2013: 351) that the prevalence of binge-eating disorder individuals with different ethnic backgrounds were found as similar in proportion. Further, it was reported that the prevalence increases among those individuals that seek weight-loss treatments. According to World Health Organization surveys (Kessler et al, 2013), while the recording and reviewing of binge-eating data disorder in the population remains comparatively very little to the USA, cross-national data extracted from WHO World Mental Health Survey show that among adults, binge-eating disorder is 1.9% and 0.9% in female and males respectively, calculated through median. The trajectory in the USA, according to National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA, 2018), is that between 0.2% and 3.5% and 0.9 and 2.0% males are expected to develop binge eating disorder in their lifespans. Further NEDA's conclusion state that the prevalence of binge-eating disorder among adults is 'three times more common than anorexia and bulimia combined' (NEDA, 2018). In other countries, studies have shown that binge-eating disorder is significantly rising (Qian et al, 2013). In the global scale, using the estimates from Global Burden of Disease Study (2019), Santomauro et al (2019) state that the cases of binge eating disorder particularly peaked during Covid and 2019, reaching up to 24.6 million in across countries. II. Binge Eating Disorder in Adolescents According to previous studies and statistics, the prevalence levels of binge-eating disorder increase significantly in adolescents. In the international scale, 26% and 13% of consecutively female and male adolescents have had at least one episode of binge-eating in the last 12 months prior to the recording (Croll et al, 2002). According to meta-analytical work, BED prevalence estimations in the international scale are 1.32% in binge-eating disorder and 3.0% subclinical binge-eating disorder in children and adolescents (Kjeldbjerg & Clausen, 2021). The frequency of binge-eating disorder has been suggested by many researchers as being as frequent as anorexia and bulimia nervosa (Kjeldbjerg & Clausen, 2021; Marzilli, Cerniglia & Cimino, 2018). The age of onset of binge-eating disorder is generally late adolescence and early adulthood (Bohon, 2019). Kessler et al (2013) indicates that the median age of onset is generally teens to early 20s. Binge eating disorder is today considered as one of the most problematic and harmful clinical conditions among youth (Marzilli, Cerniglia & Cimino, 2018; Nicholls & Barrett, 2015). The prevalence has significantly increased in the last decade across countries, and most frequently leads to obesity (Golden, Schneider & Wood, 2016). Adolescence is a stage of transition, where the adolescent undergoes significant, rapid and 'deep physical, psychological and neural development changes' (Marzilli, Cerniglia & Cimino, 2018: 18). Community studies as well as national survey data has shown that adolescents are much more vulnerable to adopting behaviours of eating disorders including binge-eating disorder at the adolescence age (Swanson et al, 2011). The rapid change in all the aspects toward a heightened development creates a critical period for binge eating disorder (Paciello et al, 2013). Further, the neurobiological and body changes due to growth that are experienced by the adolescent leads the individual to put more emphasis, attention and concern on the appearance of the body and particularly the size due to particularly the external pressures (Patel et al, 2002). As Anderson and Nicolay (2016) indicate, the awareness over the importance of body size mostly originates from media and peer pressure as well as the heightened personal need for social acceptance. Preti et al (2009) has indicated that the aspiration of thinness particularly originates from the social pressure and need for social acceptance, and overall, adolescents' prevalence in all forms of eating disorders have been recorded as very high. .as Marzilli, Cerniglia & Cimino (2018: 19) states, all of these reasons lead to increase prevalence over 'ED symptoms among youths aged 14-16 years'. In the specific case of binge-eating disorder, Preti et al (2009) has identified two peaks, one in adolescence (m=14) and the other late adolescence (m=19). NHANES studies over adolescent obesity indicates that in the USA between the periods of 2011 to 2012, 21.2% of the adolescents between 12 to 19 years of age were diagnosed as obese with a BMI level more than the required age/growth charts that are given by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Golden, Schneider & Wood, 2016: 1). This is significant since the prevalence of binge-eating disorder in the pre-adolescent period among children that are 10-11 of age in the United States show less prevalence of binge-eating disorder, with 1.1% in general and 1.2% and 1.0% consecutively in females and males. This further indicates that the adolescents are vulnerable to developing binge eating disorder, and binge-eating disorder remains as the most prevalent eating disorder in the adolescents in the United States (Stuart et al, 2022). Yet, it has been indicated by more recent research that a full-range and full-syndrome BED is generally uncommon in childhood and adolescence (Tanofsky-Kraff, Schvey & Grilo, 2020; Cassidy et al, 2016; Byrne, LeMay-Russell & Tanofsky-Kraff, 2019). This finding is underlined by the fact that binge eating disorder involves consumption of objectively large amount of food, however it is very difficult to objectively assign a normal amount for food at the different developmental stages (Shomaker, Tanofsky-Kreff & Yanovski, 2011; MacGuire, 2010). Further, as research indicates, nutritional needs in different developmental stages are highly varying, also dependent upon the activity levels as well as individual needs (Hill et al, 1995; Inge et al, 2004). Aberrant eating, as indicated by Shoemaker et al (2010) and Vanucci et al (2013), is associated with LOC instead of BED as a salient marker. Further, as Schluter et al (2015) indicate, LOC eating has been found as more common in adolescents than BED. In that sense, as indicated by Bryne, LeMay-Russell and Tanosfky-Kraff indicate in their literature review, more research has focused on loss-of-control eating rather than binge eating in adolescents and children. In adolescents, it has been underlined by many studies that the impact of BED leads to a variety of physical, social and psychological outcomes (Marzilli, Cerniglia and Cimino, 2018). The medical conditions and complications that are associated with binge eating disorder is wide, including potential nutritional disturbances, psychosocial and mental health disturbances, and psychopathological yet physical adverse effects at the same time (Golden, 2013). Primarily, binge eating disorder is considered as a primary precursor of obesity (Kessler et al, 2013). Among different eating disorders, BED has the highest prevalence of comorbid obesity in adolescence with almost 30% percentage (Agüera et al, 2021). Longitudinal community study by Fairburn, Cooper, Doll, Norman and O'Connor (2000) shows that those adolescents who have binge eating disorder are more vulnerable to developing obesity over the five years, 17% more than the rest of the population who are not diagnosed with a binge-eating disorder. Further, among patients of long-time binge eating disorder, chronic pain, diabetes and hypertension (Kessler et al, 2013) has been identified as well as ulcers. Additionally, both adolescents and adults who have binge eating disorder and comorbid obesity have been found as displaying significantly poorer inhibitory control compared to non-binge eaters (Kittle, Schmidt & Hilbert, 2017). Different from the BN which is associated with heart attack and stroke, binge-eating disorder does not lead to neither of them. Among the physical implications of binge eating disorder, are listed malnutrition from excessive empty calories, diabetes, hypertension and other versions of food-related diseases. Binge eating disorder is further associated with a variety of other mental disorders. Among these, as Burton and Abbott (2017, p. 170) list 'depression, anxiety, substance abuse and personality disorders'. As Kessler et al (2013) indicate, the comorbidity levels with other mental disorders are also very high. As an example, respondents with lifetime BN (84.8%) and BED (79.0%) 'meet lifetime criteria for other DSM-IV/CIDI disorders' (Kessler et al, 2013). Further, it was found through longitudinal study of Zaider, Johnson and Cockell (2002) that compared to adolescents who have bulimia nervosa, adolescents who have binge eating disorder have higher prevalence in depression, anxiety and substance use, while reversely those adolescents with chronic depressive symptoms have been found to be at elevated risk for the development of both BN and BED for depressive disorders. As Cohon (2019) state, it was found that children with persistent binge eating disorder have demonstrated greater depressive symptoms than those who do not have binge eating disorder. Sonneville, Grillo and Richmond (2015) have found that adolescent girls that overvalue weight and are overweight due to weekly binge eating, show greater depressive symptoms than girls who do not overvalue weight or who are not overweight due to binge eating disorder. Similarly, obese binge-eaters were found to have significantly lower self-esteem than those patients who are obese but non-binge eaters (Decaluwe, Braet & Fairburn, 2022). Finally, it was found by Forest et al (2016) through empirical studies over 10,123 adolescents that BED was associated with elevated odds of suicide ideation, plan and attempt, yet not elevated odds of suicidality. III. Relationship Between Binge Eating (BED) and Loss of Control Eating (LOC) LOC is reported as having higher prevalence among adolescents and children who are overweight and who are obese, reaching up to 35% of the tested sample (He, Cai & Fan, 2016). BED and LOC have been both associated with obesity as well as other physiological and psychosocial correlates and outcomes (Miller et all, 2014; Radin et al, 2015; Sonneville et al, 2013). Loss of Control (LOC) eating is defined as the subjective experience of not being able to stop eating. LOC has been reported as a 'defining feature of being eating and has recently become the diagnostic criterion of binge eating' (Tanosfky-Kraff, Schvey and Grillo, 2020, p. 190), even if LOC is comorbid with lesser psychological and physiological symptoms than adolescents with BED. Particularly in adolescents, the component constructs of BED, which are indicated repetitively as overeating, BE and LOC, are understudied and difficult to measure. LOC has been indicated to have a complicated relationship with BED, and different academic research indicated to different relationship between LOC and BED. Primarily, a group of research marks LOC as a salient indicator of eating psychopathology in adolescents generally (Schlüter et al, 2016; Hilbert et al, 2013; Schlüter et al, 2015).

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