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Plastik ürünlerde mikroplastiksalım potansiyelinin incelenmesi

Investigation of microplastic release potential in plastic products

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  1. Tez No: 841677
  2. Yazar: SERENAY KOCAYILDIZ
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. MERAL YURTSEVER
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 2023
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: Sakarya Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Çevre Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.

Özet

Günlük hayatta kullanılan her tür plastiğin kullanılmaya başladığı andan itibaren çevreye çok küçük boyutlardaki parçacıkları olan mikro plastik (1 µm<MP<5mm) ve nano plastikleri (1 nm<NP<1 µm) saldığı bilinmektedir. Global ölçekte yapılmış araştırmalar, çevrede meydana gelen mikro plastik kirliliğine sentetik tekstil liflerinin katkısının oldukça fazla olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Her yıl 200.000 ila 500.000 ton arası sentetik tekstil kaynaklı mikro plastik (polyester, poliamid, akrilik gibi) küresel deniz ortamına girmektedir. Sentetik mikrofiber (SMF) olarak da tanımlayabileceğimiz sentetik tekstil lif döküntüleri deniz, kara ve hava ortamlarında, kısaca her ortamda tespit edilmiş durumdadır. Yalnızca basit bir yeme içme işlemi sırasında bile, havadan çökelen MP'lerin yutulması yılda milyonlarca adete ulaşabilir. İnsanların kullandığı sentetik kıyafet veya sentetik ev tekstiline bağlı olarak bu oran, dış mekanlara nazaran İç Mekanlarda daha fazladır. Bir tekstil ürününden etrafa dökülecek MF miktarı üründe kullanılan sentetik tekstil ürününün dokuma şekline ve kullanılan sentetik malzeme oranlarına göre değişiklik gösterebilir. Bu çalışmada piyasada yaygın olarak kullanılan farklı polimer malzemeden üretilmiş iplik türlerinin sentetik SMF salım oranları incelenmiştir. Araştırmalarda kullanılan ipler mikroskop altında incelendikten sonra kimyasal yapıları da belirlenmiştir. Polyester, poliamid, akrilik, polipropilen ve poliüretan türevi malzemelerden yapılmış olduğu belirlenen bu iplik ürünleri üzerinde bir iklimlendirme kabini içerisinde kontrollü şartlarda yaşlandırma testleri yapılmıştır. Yaşlandırma testleri neticesinde belli periyotlarda alınan numunelerin SMF salım potansiyeli incelenmiştir. İnceleme işlemlerinde, son zamanlarda mikro plastik incelemede kullanışlı olduğu anlaşılan Nil kırmızısı boyama Floresan tekniği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar kullanılan iplerin formunun ve yapısal özelliklerinin mikro plastik salımında önemli olduğunu göstermiştir.

Özet (Çeviri)

The effects of plastics on the environment and human health are known.It is known that every kind of plastic used in daily life has released microplastics (1 μm<MP<5mm) and nanoplastics (1nm<NP<1 μm), which are very small particles, to the environment since they are used. Studies conducted on a global scale reveal that the contribution of synthetic textile fibers to microplastic pollution in the environment is quite high. Every year, between 200,000 and 500,000 tons of synthetic textile-derived microplastics (such as polyester, polyamide, acrylic) enter the global marine environment. Synthetic textile fiber waste, which we can also define as synthetic microfiber (SMF), has been detected in sea, land and air environments, in short, in every environment. Ingestion of air-precipitated MP's can amount to millions per year, even during just a simple eating and drinking process. Depending on the synthetic clothing or synthetic home textile people use, this rate is higher indoors than outdoors. The amount of MF to be poured from a textile product may vary according to the weaving style of the synthetic textile product used in the product and the synthetic material ratios used. Plastic polymers of different types and properties are used in every field. In fact, it is seen that plastics are included in the content of new generation composite packaging materials. In addition to materials such as plastics, paper, cardboard; Although the use of metals such as aluminum and tin in the production of composite materials increases the durability of these materials, it can make it difficult to separate, recycle or dispose of when they become waste. Along with this situation, the“C/”identification code found in new generation packages shows that the package consists of composite materials. Waste bearing this identification code should be separated into the mixed waste bin. This type of mixed waste is frequently encountered in the packaging of food products. Microplastics have been detected in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but microplastics are not homogeneous pollutants in ecosystems. Although most of the researches have focused more on microplastics in aquatic ecosystems, microplastics in aquatic ecosystems have reached the waters as a result of transport from terrestrial ecosystems. Microplastics are effective and dangerous pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems. Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems can be displaced by interacting with weather events such as precipitation or by erosion. In addition to these, it can even mix with groundwater. Living things living in the soil can take in microplastics, and according to studies, microplastics may be displaced by interacting with the movements of living things such as earthworms and moles in the soil. The first layer of the soil is directly exposed to all events. UV rays, air (oxygen), temperature directly affect the upper layer, and therefore microplastics decompose. In addition,the soil structure and the organisms in it also affect the microplastic degradation. Despite all these effects, the deterioration of microplastics can take a very long time. The factors affecting the degradation of plastics consist of two separate parts, physicochemical and biological. UV rays, humidity, temperature, salinity and oxygen are among the physiochemical effects. Photo-oxidation with solar UV is considered the most effective mechanism of environmental degradation. Almost all plastics need UV light to initiate degradation. UV light causes bond breakage and reduction in molecular weight in the substance. High humidity levels accelerate the decomposition of plastics, thereby accelerating deterioration. Degradation of plastic occurs faster in climates with high temperature and humidity than in climates with low temperature and humidity. Polymeric materials used in daily life are subject to wear, fragmentation or debris formation over time and/or with the effect of various forces. Therefore, due to many materials, there is visible or invisible nano and microparticle debris. Microplastics formed by shedding from synthetic polymers such as plastics in this way are called secondary microplastics. As of today, it has been understood that especially single-use plastics pose a serious danger to the environment. While some plastics can become quite durable thanks to the additives added during production and can remain intact for many years even when the wastes are dispersed into the environment, some plastics start to form a large amount of tiny debris from the first time they are used. Especially synthetic textile material yarns are a good example of this. In today's life, there is almost no area where plastic is not used. For example, internet shopping is very popular in almost every part of the world. Accordingly, a large amount of plastic waste is created by using a large number of packages in order to ensure a continuous circulation of cargo and naturally not to damage the products. Although we think that they make our work easier during the day and increase our living standards, even if plastic products save the moment, they do more harm than good in the long run. As a result of the vital activities of people, microplastics enter the environmental environment.Environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.), physicochemical properties of microplastics affect their transport and fate. Microplastics have been detected in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but microplastics are not homogeneous pollutants in ecosystems. Although most of the researches have focused more on microplastics in aquatic ecosystems, microplastics in aquatic ecosystems have reached the waters as a result of transport from terrestrial ecosystems. There is no study yet on thedestruction of microplastics. However, it is known that it accumulates in many ecosystems day by day. It spreads rapidly to most places from the sea to the ground and the nin to the air. It adversely affects all living things in these environments.The most striking environmental effects of microplastic sare their absorption of other pollutants and their consumption by living things, mistaking them fornutrients.It is now that the growth, fertility and survival processes of organisms exposed to microplastics are affected. Microplastics can enterthehuman body in certainways. Thesearethe oral, respiratory and dermal routes.The water wedrink orally, the seafood we eat and some certain foods cause microplastic up take. Humans can be exposed to microplastics by inhalation. Although less likely, microplastics can enter the human body through the dermal route. This is possible with cosmetic products such as cleansing gels, care creams, make- up materials used. In this study, synthetic SMF release rates of yarn types made from different polymer materials commonly used in the market were investigated. After the threads used in the research were examined under the microscope, their chemical structures were also determined. Controlled conditions aging test was carried out on these yarn products, which are stated to be made of polyester, polyamide, acrylic, polypropylene and polyurethane derivatives in an airconditioning cabinet. As a result of aging tests, the SMF release potential of the samples taken at certain periods was examined. Nile red staining Fluorescent technique was used in the examination procedures, which has recently been found to be useful in microplastic examination. The obtained results showed that the form and structural properties of the yarns used are important in microplastic release. The microplastic inspection process with Nile red dye, which is an economical and effective method compared to other microplastic inspection methods, is also very practical because it makes the plastic particles of the dye more visible. A stock solution was prepared by first dissolving a certain amount of Nile red with acetone (0.05 g/L). Then, for the standard solution, the solution was prepared by dilution with 10-100 times hexane (5 and 0.5 mg/L), respectively. The dye solution was stored in an amber bottle at 4 0C. In the examinations, the dye solution taken with a glass pipette was dropped onto the sample on the filter paper, and the sample was examined under a fluorescent microscope after it was kept at 60 0C for 30 minutes. (ATR)-FT-IR analyzes are widely used in microplastic investigations. In the studies, the results obtained using Bruker Lumos brand ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) device were evaluated and compared. UV, green, blue filters were used in the examinations and since better results were obtained with the blue filter, the examinations were continued with the blue filter. The aging of plastic textile products in yarn form in an aging cabinet was investigated. The aging of the yarn types and the resulting debris were recorded by following them with microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The states of the materials used before and after the aging process, that is, their original state and their change and aging in certain periods and under different and controlled conditions such as UV light, temperature, humidity, and the debris they formed were compared.

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