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İnternet üzerinden bir endüstriyel sistem kontrolü

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 75572
  2. Yazar: HÜSEYİN ALP
  3. Danışmanlar: YRD. DOÇ. DR. TURGUT BERAT KARYOT
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Endüstri ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Industrial and Industrial Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sistem denetimi, İnternet, System control, Internet
  7. Yıl: 1998
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.

Özet

ÖZET Günümüzde hızla gelişen bilgisayar teknolojisi sayesinde internet bilimsel araştırma, eğitim, sanal alışveriş, turizm gibi birçok sahada yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma ise bu alanlara bir yenisini eklemek için yapılmıştır. Yeni bir konu olan internet üzerinden endüstriyel sistem kontrolü ele alınarak incelenmiş ve konunun daha iyi bir şekilde anlaşılabilmesi için internet terimleri, iletişim protokolleri, yaygın ağgeçit arayüz gibi konular detaylı olarak bölüm 1,2 ve 3 de anlatılmıştır. Bölüm 4 de ise bu konuya örnek olması için bir uygulama yapılmıştır. İnternet, bir çok bilgisayar sistemini birbirine bağlayan dünya çapında yaygın olan ve sürekli büyüyen bir iletişim ağı ve açık bir sistemdir. İnternet üzerindeki sistemler Dünya Çapında Web“WWW”, Usenet, ve Gopher diye sıralanabilir. Bölüm 1 de Hiper Metin Taşıma Protokolü olan“HTTP”, Hiper Metin Anlamlandırma Dili“HTML”, Dosya Aktarma Protokolü“FTP”ve“FTP”programı, Elektronik-Posta, Posta Listesi“Mail List”, Telnet programı gibi internet terimleri açıklanmıştır. 1983 yılında, İnternet Çalışma Grubu“Internetworking Working Group”tarafından ilk temelleri atılan iletişim protokollerine Taşıma Kontrol Protokolü ve İnternet Protokolü ismi verilmiştir. TCP/IP protokolü paket-anahtarlama ağ prensibine göre çalışır. TCP/IP genel bileşenleri, detaylı olarak bölüm 2'de incelenmiştir. Veri haberleşme protokollerinin yapı ve işlevlerini tanımlamak için geliştirilen OSI referans modeli 7 katmanlı bir yapıya sahiptir. TCP/IP mimarisi ise 4 katmanlı yapıya sahiptir. Bu katmanlar detaylı olarak Bölüm 2'de anlatılmıştır. Web sayfası hazırlamak için birden çok metot ve programlama (HTML, Java, Perl) dili vardır. Yaygın olarak kullanılan Hiper Metin Anlamlandırma Dili komut kümesi Ek A'da verilmiştir. HTML ve diğer dosya formatlarının yayımlanması ve çeşitli dosya tip konfigürasyonları için web sunucusu Çok Amaçlı İnternet Posta Uzantısına (MIME) sahip olmalıdır. Dinamik uygulama, uzaktaki kullanıcının HTML linklerini tıklayarak veya HTML formları doldurarak geri sunucuya gönderebilmesi demektir. İnteraktif uygulamalar veya“scriptler her hangi bir programlama dilinde (C, Perl) yazılabilir. Uygulama veya ”script“ yazıldığı zaman genellikle desteklenen iki arabirimden biri seçilmelidir. Bunlar Microsoft Internet Sunucu Uygulama Programlama Arabirimi ISAPI ”Microsoft Internet Server Application Programming Interface“ ve Yaygın Ağgeçit Arabirimi CGI ”Common Gateway Interface“ olarak adlandırılırlar. CGI her türlü işletim sisteminde (Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0, Unix ve Linux) kolayca çalışmaktadır. Burada Yaygın Ağgeçit Arabirim detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, C++ programlama dili kullanılarak CGI uygulamaları olan küçük programlar olarak bilinen bir ”Script" yazılmıştır ve bir web sayfası yardımıyla bu programa değişkenler gönderilmiştir. Son olarak internet üzerinden Ticari, Eğitim veya Araştırma esaslı olarak bir endüstriyel uygulamanın web üzerinden ortamdan bağımsız olarak nasıl kontrol edileceği incelenerek bir endüstriyel sistem kontrol örneği verilmiştir. CGI metodu kullanılarak web sunucusunun paralel, seri kapılarına bağlanmış veya ISA, PCI yuvalarına takılmış bir kontrol birimi ile herhangi bir endüstriyel sisteme kontrol ve kumanda edilebilir. Vlll

Özet (Çeviri)

AN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM CONTROL ON THE INTERNET SUMMARY Internet is the most of computer systems connecting each other in World Wide common and constantly developing a communication network and an open system. They can be arranged in order WWW, Usenet and In chapter 1, Internet terms are explained like Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), using in preparing of web pages Hyper Text Marked Language (HTML), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), E-mail, Mail List, Telnet and Internet Relay Chat (IRC). By 1973, it was clear that Network Control Protocol (NCP) was unable to handle the volume of traffic and proposed new functionality. A project was begun to develop a new protocol. The TCP/IP and gateway architectures were first proposed in 1974. The published article by Cerf and Kahn described a system that provided a standardised application protocol that also used end-to-end acknowledgements. A series of RFCs (Requests for Comment, part of the process for adopting new Internet Standards) was issued in 1981, standardising TCP/IP version 4 for the ARPANET. In 1982, TCP/IP supplanted NCP as the dominant protocol of the growing network, which was now connecting machines across the continent. In 1983 It was given basic condition to TCP/IP protocol by Internetworking Working Group (INWG). In the same years Internet term was started to use as a widely. The following list mentions the primary user applications that TCP/IP provides. Telnet: The Telnet program provides a remote login capability. This lets a user on one machine log onto another machine and act as though he or she were directly in front of the second machine. The connection can be anywhere on the local network or on another network anywhere in the world, as long as the user has permission to log onto the remote system. Internet allow Telnet sessions while users play around with a new application or operating system. File Transfer Protocol: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) enables a file on one system to be copied to another system. The user doesn't actually log in as a full user to the machine he or she wants to access, as with Telnet, but instead uses the FTP program to enable access. Again, the correct permissions are necessary to provide access to the files. FTP is a widely used service on the Internet, as well as on many large LANs and WANs. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used for transferring electronic mail. SMTP is completely transparent to the user. Behind the scenes, SMTP connects to remote machines and transfers mail messages much like FTP transfers files. Kerberos: Kerberos is a widely supported security protocol. Kerberos uses a special application called an authentication server to validate passwords and encryption schemes. Kerberos is one of the more secure encryption systems used in communications and is quite common in UNIX. Domain Name System: Domain Name System (DNS) enables a computer with a common name to be converted to a special network address. DNS provides a conversion from the common local name to the unique physical address of the device's network connection. Simple Network Management Protocol: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) provides status messages and problem reports across a network to IXan administrator. SNMP uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as a transport mechanism. Network File System: Network File System (NFS) is a set of protocols developed by Sun Microsystems to enable multiple machines to access each other's directories transparently. They accomplish this by using a distributed file system scheme. NFS systems are common in large corporate environments, especially those that use UNIX workstations. Remote Procedure Call: The Remote Procedure Call (RPC) protocol is a set of functions that enable an application to communicate with another machine (the server). It provides for programming functions, return codes, and predefined variables to support distributed computing. Trivial File Transfer Protocol: Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a very simple, unsophisticated file transfer protocol that lacks security. It uses UDP as a transport. TFTP performs the same task as FTP, but uses a different transport protocol. Transmission Control Protocol: Transmission Control Protocol (the TCP part of TCP/IP) is a communications protocol that provides reliable transfer of data. It is responsible for assembling data passed from higher-layer applications into standard packets and ensuring that the data is transferred correctly. User Datagram Protocol: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless-oriented protocol, meaning that it does not provide for the retransmission of datagrams (unlike TCP, which is connection-oriented). UDP is not very reliable, but it does have specialized purposes. Internet Protocol: Internet Protocol (DP) is responsible for moving the packets of data assembled by either TCP or UDP across networks. It uses a set of unique addresses for every device on the network to determine routing and destinations. Internet Control Message Protocol: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is responsible for checking and generating messages on the status of devices on a network. It can be used to inform other devices of a failure in one particular machine. ICMP and IP usually work together. To describe structure and function of data communication protocol was developed as a standard the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model by International Standard Organization. The OSI reference model uses seven layers, as show in Figure 1OSI Model Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Figure 1 : OSI Reference Model. The TCP/IP architecture is similar but involves only four layers as shown in Figure 2, because it combines some of the OSI functionality in two layers into one. TCP/IP (Internet) Application Transport Internet Network Interface Physical Figure 2: TCP/IP Model In Chapter 2 layer mechanism and layer details are explained in order to help the reader to understand the architecture of the OSI and TCP/IP. There are many methods and programming languages (HTML, Java,Perl) to prepare Web pages. In appendix A, html source codes and their meanings are listed. XIIf a web site includes files that are in multiple formats, the Web Server must have a Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) mapping for each file type. Publishing Dynamic Applications Usually a Web Server has the ability to develop applications or scripts that remote users start by clicking HTML links or by filling in and sending an HTML form. Using programming languages such as C or Perl, Applications or scripts can be created that communicate with the user in dynamic HTML pages. Creating the Applications or Scripts Interactive applications or scripts can be written in almost any 16 or 32-bit programming languages, such as C or Perl, or as Dos batch files. When applications or scripts are written they can use one the two support interfaces, Microsoft Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) and Common Gateway Interface (CGI). Common Gateway Interface Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a set of specifications for passing information between a client Web browser, a Web server, and a CGI application. A client Web browser can start a CGI application by filling out an HTML form or clicking a link in an HTML page on the Web server. The CGI application can take the information the client Web browser supplies and do almost anything that can be programmed, then return the results of the application in an HTML page, or post the information to a database. Because simple CGI applications are often written using scripting languages such as Perl, CGI applications are sometimes referred to as“scripts.”The following figure illustrates how a browser, a server, and a CGI application exchange information by using CGI.. Web browser Client Server Figure 3: A browser, a server, and a CGI application exchange information by using CGI application The rest of this section discusses this five-part process XllClient Sends Request A client browser can make a CGI request to a server by either of two methods: GET The client appends data to the URL it passes to the server. POST The client sends data to the server by way of the HTTP message data field, thereby overcoming size limitations inherent to the GET method. The client initiates a CGI process by clicking any of the following on an HTML page:.A hypertext link that runs the script directly..The“Submit”button in an HTML form..An inline object retrieved with the GET method..A search object (that is, one that uses the HTML tag ISINDEX). Server Receives Request The URL that the client browser sends to the server contains the name of the CGI script or application to be run. The server compares the file name's extension to the server's Script Mapping registry key to determine which executable to launch..The second“%s”is the query string (information in the URL) and is passed as a command line parameter only if the query string does not contain an equals (=) sign. Server Passes Request to Application The server passes information to the CGI application by means of environment variables, then launches the application. Some of these variables are server-related; the majority come from the client browser and relate either to the client browser or to the request it is sending. CGI Application Returns Data to Server The application performs its processing. If it is appropriate, the application then writes data in a format the client can receive to the standard output stream (STDOUT). The application must follow a specific format in returning data: 1. The first line or lines contain server directives, and must contain the MIME content-type. Other server directives are Location (which redirects the client to, or returns, another document) and Status. X1U2. A blank line must follow server directives. 3. The data the application returns to the client follows the blank line. Server Returns Data to Client The server takes the data it receives from STDOUT and adds standard HTTP headers. It then passes the HTTP message back to the client. Security Considerations for Executables Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executables must be used with extreme caution to prevent potential security risk to the server. As a rule, give only Execute permission to virtual directories that contain CGI.World Wide Web content directories should be assigned Read permission only. In chapter 4, a sample was given to CGI application and CGI scripts that is written in C++ programming language and sent the variables to CGI scripts via the Html Page to control an industrial system for example a relay card plugged in a parallel port, ISA/PCI slot or serial port of a PC. Any remote computer controlled system that has an Educational, Scientific research or Industrial purpose (like robot arm, building alarm, etc..) can be controlled by the internet as an independent location. XIV

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