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Kentsel katı atık yönetimi: Denizli örneği

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 75532
  2. Yazar: ALPER ACAR
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. İSMAİL TORÖZ
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Denizli, Katı atıklar, Denizli, Solid wastes
  7. Yıl: 1998
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.

Özet

ÖZET Kentlerin yönetiminde karşılaşılan en önemli çevresel problemlerden biri olan katı atıklar, sadece kentte yaşayan insanların ve çevrenin sağlığını tehdit etmekle kalmayıp kent bütçesinden önemli bir kısmın da bu problemin üstesinden gelinmesi için harcanmasına neden olmakta, ancak düzensiz bir şekilde yapıldığından dolayı yapılan harcama ile orantılı olmayan bir hizmet verilmektedir. Katı atık yönetiminde esas olan, atığın üretiminden nihai bertarafına kadar düzenlenmesi ve nihai depolamaya en az miktarda atığın ulaşmasıdır. Bu, özellikle depolama maliyetlerinin yüksek olduğu yerler için geçerli olmasının yanında atığı azaltmak için yapılan faaliyetlerden değerli atıkların toplanması ve geri kazanılması ile hem hammadde hem de enerji tasarrufu sağlanmaktadır. Atık miktarının azalması ile, katı atık yönetim maliyetinin yüklü bir kesimini tutan taşıma maliyeti de azaltılmış olacaktır. Atığı üreten kitlenin şehirde yaşayan insanlar olduğu gerçeği dikkate alınarak, sağlıklı şekilde yürüyen bir katı atık yönetimi için halkın bu olaya ilgisi, bakış açısı ve halkın sosyal ve ekonomik durumunun atık miktarı ve bileşimi üzerindeki etkileri bilinmeli ve alınacak kararlar halkı gözardı etmeden onun işini kolaylaştırmak ve sisteme gönüllü olarak katılımının sağlayacak şekilde olmalıdır. Bu tezin esasını oluşturan Denizli kenti katı atık yönetimi ile ilgili temel bilgiler, 1997 - 1998 yıllarında yürütülen Denizli Katı Atık Yatırımları Fizibilite Proje - Feasibility Studie Investitionsvorhaben Abfallwirtschaft Denizli çalışması çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilen incelemelerden derlenmiştir. Bu projenin ana amacı halkın sosyo-ekonomik durumunu gözardı etmeden çevre ve insan sağlığına en uygun atık yönetim sisteminin kurulmasıdır. Bu tezin ana amacı ise, Denizli örneğinden yola çıkarak, Türkiye özelinde çevreye duyarlı bir kentsel katı atık yönetiminin nasıl olması gerektiğinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışma çerçevesinde, yönetim sisteminin yapısının belirlenmesinde esas alınacak faktör olan katı atıktan elde edilebilecek maddi kazancın ne olacağının belirlenmesi için, mevcut bilgiler yanında, modeller de kullanılmış ve yeni bir atık yönetim sisteminin kurulabilmesi için yol gösterici olması tasarlanan veriler bulunmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılan hesaplama ve incelemeler sonunda da, Denizli ve Denizli ölçeğindeki diğer şehirler için, bir kentsel katı atık yönetim modeli önerilmiştir.

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: DENİZLİ CASE Management of solid waste in cities, is a serious problem if irrelevant management strategies are applied and will result in insufficient collection and hygienic conditions despite the high portion of the budged of the city is spent for this reason. Therefore reorganisation of the solid waste services, done generally by municipalities in cities will be essential to suit the health conditions of the residents, to improve the conditions of the environment and to reduce the solid waste management expenditures. In Turkey, as in many other countries, solid waste is a serious health hazard due to insufficient or irrelevant services. Collection tours of the waste may be incapable or may not cover the whole city especially areas where the urban poor is living; disposal of the waste is done at open dump sites where no vital sanitation precautions have been taken to decrease the environmental impacts of these refuse dumps. The aim of this thesis is to find out the relevant management options for Turkey in which the waste amount and content is different from the industrialised countries in some points where very strict environmental regulations govern. Since the trend in the management aspects, local problems should be solved locally, as said in Agenda 21 formed after Rio summit in 1992, solutions for the solid waste problem will be done achieve participation of the public to the management system and to evaluate their opinion to improve the conditions. The case of Denizli is used as a starting point to constitute a management strategy for specifically relevant to the conditions of Turkey. Denizli is chosen while a comprehensive solid waste management feasibility study was conducted during the year 1997 by an international consortium constitutes by German and local experts over the solid waste management aspects. The first step of the study was to bring the actual conditions of the solid waste management into light. The waste production rate is assumed as 400 kg/capita/year by the municipal authorities that is considered very high for a city which has a population of approximately 300.000. Therefore actual waste amount had to be determined. A waste weighing survey conducted for one week. All trucks collecting waste had weighed. The results of this survey and comparison of the waste production rates for different Turkish cities can be seen in the figures below. XIFigure 1 Daily Collected Waste in Denizli in Summer Season The waste amount found from this survey is weekly 1166 tons. Since the survey has done in summer season it has to be verified for winter season. The unit waste production is 200 kg/capita/year for a population of 305.000. The annual waste production rate is assumed as 260 kg/capita/year considers also the winter waste amount. According to the Municipal Cleansing Department, the collection tour number is increased 50 percent in winter time due to high fraction of ash produced during urban heating. 60 « 50 £ 40 £ 30 M 20 10 0 d> a & & âfr ^ ^ 4^ ^ / ^ </ cf *£ I Total Tour Numbers Figure 2 Daily Collection Tour Numbers in Denizli in Summer Season According to these calculations, the annual waste production is found 79.000 ton. XII450 yy syyyyy s yy Figure 3 Comparison of Waste Production Rates of Different Cities in Turkey Besides the municipal solid waste, medical, industrial, hazardous and demolition - excavation wastes are also produced in a city. The estimated production amounts of these wastes in Denizli are given in the table below. Table 1 Annual Production of Solid Waste Types The second important step in setting a new waste management strategy is, the determination of waste components to facilitate the decision making for any composting or separation plants whether it is necessary to establish or not. By a previous study the waste components are found by sieve analysis. During the latter study, to verify the results of the analysis, visual analysis of the waste in the Denizli Municipality Kumkisik Open Dump Site is conducted for one week. During the analysis, waste brought by municipal (including other municipal trucks using the site) and private trucks are observed and the fractions of the components are estimated visually. The results of the sieve analysis and the visual investigation is given in the two chart below respectively. Xlll! o 13.C o d > 40 mm 10 <d< 40 mm d<10mm 10 15 20 25 Fraction (%) 30 35 40 Figure 4 Sieve Analysis Result of Municipal Solid Waste of Denizli Ash Other Textile o/o6 %2 %11.5 Organic %41 %17.5 Figure 5 Visual Analysis Result of Municipal Solid Waste of Denizli The different values are because the sieve analysis is conducted in winter time when huge amounts of ash is produced by urban heating and the visual analysis is executed in summer time. To compare the collection efficiency between container collection and irregular temporary storing collection of the waste, collection time survey is conducted. According to this survey, the collection efficiency of container system is found twice time effective than irregular stored waste. The unit time comparison can be seen on the figure below. Although container system is much more efficient than other methods, using it will not be suitable due to its cost, insufficient placement areas on streets and pubic opposition because its odour. XIVSummer Winter I Container Collection E3 Irregular Stored Collection Figure 6 Comparison of Different Collection Types In Denizli, there is a strong informal collection activity which achieves high collection rates of recyclable materials. As a first estimation, there are 150 - 200 scavengers working in the streets of Denizli. Also there is scavenging actions in the dump site. The separation rates in Denizli is given in the table below. By scavenging and source separation, the total waste amount of the city of Denizli is reduced 12.4 percent that reduces the collection and disposal cost. Table 2 Recycling Rates in Denizli The key point in introducing a new management system, it is essential to find out which parts of the existing system is working and which part is not. There is a strong and high productive informal system which should considered in all decision making stages. Integrating the informal section to the new formal system will eliminate some problems during the transition time such as utilising the experience of the scavengers and interim recyclable material traders over the waste market and picking techniques. Privatisation of solid waste services will also solve some problems such as financial and bureaucratic aspects which municipalities have to overcome. But introducing XVthe private sector has to be done carefully. In the first step, some part of the collection area could be privatised to see the effectiveness of the private sector. Also an important content of the solid waste management system is the disposal of waste in a sanitary landfill that is the cheapest and environmentally sound waste disposal method. But before the final disposal, waste producers has to be educated and compensated to minimise their waste and separate them where they are produced to improve the quality of the recyclables and to facilitate the separate collection. To find out the economic value of the recyclable solid waste in Denizli, the unit prices of the recyclable materials is used. The revenues from recyclabels are 639,580 $ per year under the current situation in 1997, and 3,888,860 $ per year if the whole recyclables are economically utilised. It is apparent that if the recycling sector is arranged and improved, rather amounts of financial gains will be made. Ideal Case After Improvement Current Situation 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 Revenue (10 TL) Figure 7 Current and Possible Revenues by Recycling Landfill gas exploitation become more important in recent years. Due to the hazardous effects to the environment of the landfill gas, it will be extracted from the landfill medium in any event. Therefore it should be examined whether the exploitation of the landfill gas is feasible or not. A multi-phase model is used to predict the gas production in Denizli landfill site. By converting the landfill gas amount to electric energy, it is seen that reasonable amount of economic revenues will be gained by exploitation. Peak gas production will be reached after 12 to 13 years with a value of nearly 31 million cubic meters. After this point it will decrease up to the year 2044 when the landfill gas production will as high as the first operational year of the landfill site. The revenue will be nearly 400,000 $ in the first year and will reach 1,8 million US dollars in the year 201 1. XVIIPOZ IMZ 6£0Z LÎOZ szoz ttoz UOZ 6Z0Z izaz ÇZOZ EZOZ ızoz 6ioz LlOZ 51 OZ UOZ ııoz 600Z sooz EOOZ IOOZ 6661 « -o c cd.a <a Q «M o 13 (D Ph.o u 3 u 00 D s- 3> 8 O O s (cm) junoıov sur, nSP“^ XV»o o o o ?<3- o o O o o o o 00 o o o o o o o X W Ü 3 I ”13 » o Oh ON £ ÖD ($ £0U) 3nU3A3^î XVI11

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