İnşaat sigortaları
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 71804
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. ÖMÜR BABAOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Sigortacılık, Insurance
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Denetim, İnşaat, İnşaat sigortası, Control, Construction, Construction insurance
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Marmara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Sigortacılık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
PART IV WHAT SHOULD BE THE CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SYSTEM IN TURKEY PROPOSALS Construction inspection should be started during design. During construction technical inspection procedure should be continued. After the construction has completed, for a specific period of time in order to ensure the building's securnees and against any possible damages an insurance system should be developed. Local administrators should be bound by issuing construction lisence, proper urbanization and efficient planning and developing of building areas. Other responsibilities should be shifted away. In proposed system, new technical and administrative departments are required. In order to protect lives and properties central government should take a leading role in inspection system development. Departments constituting this system should, on the one hand, be specialized on inspection procedures, and on the other on insurance procedures. SYSTEM'S STAKE HOLDERS a. Owner; should be entitled with responsibilities against the users and also authorized. b. Designer; architect or engineer entitled to cany out all tchnicalities on behalf of the owner..*.-«*?<*-..«*.:.PART HI INSPECTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE IN OUR COUNTRY 3194 numbered Construction Law, regulated of receiving licence from municipalities or governorships for construction within and areas around municipality districts. During the construction, in case of misconduct of plans stopping and distinction responsibility is given to Municipality and to the Department of Province Administration. During costruction, technical responsibility is given to a field professional whom we call as“Technical Specialist”. The stake holders of this system are the owner, constructor, local administration, project officers, technical responsibles and construction sight manager. Project officers, in special cases are assigned as inspectors evaluating implementation of the original plan by the owner. Technical responsible, in fact is the constructor and the inspecting partner. In practice constructor's financial interests causes same failure in inspection effectiveness. Project sight manager is the regulator of technicalities. In practice it has been observed that stake holders do not perform effectively-. An important part of buildings in our cities do not meet many engineering and technological requirements because of lack of inspection.PART IV WHAT SHOULD BE THE CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SYSTEM IN TURKEY PROPOSALS Construction inspection should be started during design. During construction technical inspection procedure should be continued. After the construction has completed, for a specific period of time in order to ensure the building's securnees and against any possible damages an insurance system should be developed. Local administrators should be bound by issuing construction lisence, proper urbanization and efficient planning and developing of building areas. Other responsibilities should be shifted away. In proposed system, new technical and administrative departments are required. In order to protect lives and properties central government should take a leading role in inspection system development. Departments constituting this system should, on the one hand, be specialized on inspection procedures, and on the other on insurance procedures. SYSTEM'S STAKE HOLDERS a. Owner; should be entitled with responsibilities against the users and also authorized. b. Designer; architect or engineer entitled to cany out all tchnicalities on behalf of the owner..*.-«*?<*-..«*.:.PART HI INSPECTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE IN OUR COUNTRY 3194 numbered Construction Law, regulated of receiving licence from municipalities or governorships for construction within and areas around municipality districts. During the construction, in case of misconduct of plans stopping and distinction responsibility is given to Municipality and to the Department of Province Administration. During costruction, technical responsibility is given to a field professional whom we call as“Technical Specialist”. The stake holders of this system are the owner, constructor, local administration, project officers, technical responsibles and construction sight manager. Project officers, in special cases are assigned as inspectors evaluating implementation of the original plan by the owner. Technical responsible, in fact is the constructor and the inspecting partner. In practice constructor's financial interests causes same failure in inspection effectiveness. Project sight manager is the regulator of technicalities. In practice it has been observed that stake holders do not perform effectively-. An important part of buildings in our cities do not meet many engineering and technological requirements because of lack of inspection.PART IV WHAT SHOULD BE THE CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SYSTEM IN TURKEY PROPOSALS Construction inspection should be started during design. During construction technical inspection procedure should be continued. After the construction has completed, for a specific period of time in order to ensure the building's securnees and against any possible damages an insurance system should be developed. Local administrators should be bound by issuing construction lisence, proper urbanization and efficient planning and developing of building areas. Other responsibilities should be shifted away. In proposed system, new technical and administrative departments are required. In order to protect lives and properties central government should take a leading role in inspection system development. Departments constituting this system should, on the one hand, be specialized on inspection procedures, and on the other on insurance procedures. SYSTEM'S STAKE HOLDERS a. Owner; should be entitled with responsibilities against the users and also authorized. b. Designer; architect or engineer entitled to cany out all tchnicalities on behalf of the owner..*.-«*?<*-..«*.:.PART HI INSPECTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE IN OUR COUNTRY 3194 numbered Construction Law, regulated of receiving licence from municipalities or governorships for construction within and areas around municipality districts. During the construction, in case of misconduct of plans stopping and distinction responsibility is given to Municipality and to the Department of Province Administration. During costruction, technical responsibility is given to a field professional whom we call as“Technical Specialist”. The stake holders of this system are the owner, constructor, local administration, project officers, technical responsibles and construction sight manager. Project officers, in special cases are assigned as inspectors evaluating implementation of the original plan by the owner. Technical responsible, in fact is the constructor and the inspecting partner. In practice constructor's financial interests causes same failure in inspection effectiveness. Project sight manager is the regulator of technicalities. In practice it has been observed that stake holders do not perform effectively-. An important part of buildings in our cities do not meet many engineering and technological requirements because of lack of inspection.PART IV WHAT SHOULD BE THE CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SYSTEM IN TURKEY PROPOSALS Construction inspection should be started during design. During construction technical inspection procedure should be continued. After the construction has completed, for a specific period of time in order to ensure the building's securnees and against any possible damages an insurance system should be developed. Local administrators should be bound by issuing construction lisence, proper urbanization and efficient planning and developing of building areas. Other responsibilities should be shifted away. In proposed system, new technical and administrative departments are required. In order to protect lives and properties central government should take a leading role in inspection system development. Departments constituting this system should, on the one hand, be specialized on inspection procedures, and on the other on insurance procedures. SYSTEM'S STAKE HOLDERS a. Owner; should be entitled with responsibilities against the users and also authorized. b. Designer; architect or engineer entitled to cany out all tchnicalities on behalf of the owner..*.-«*?<*-..«*.:.PART HI INSPECTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE IN OUR COUNTRY 3194 numbered Construction Law, regulated of receiving licence from municipalities or governorships for construction within and areas around municipality districts. During the construction, in case of misconduct of plans stopping and distinction responsibility is given to Municipality and to the Department of Province Administration. During costruction, technical responsibility is given to a field professional whom we call as“Technical Specialist”. The stake holders of this system are the owner, constructor, local administration, project officers, technical responsibles and construction sight manager. Project officers, in special cases are assigned as inspectors evaluating implementation of the original plan by the owner. Technical responsible, in fact is the constructor and the inspecting partner. In practice constructor's financial interests causes same failure in inspection effectiveness. Project sight manager is the regulator of technicalities. In practice it has been observed that stake holders do not perform effectively-. An important part of buildings in our cities do not meet many engineering and technological requirements because of lack of inspection.PART IV WHAT SHOULD BE THE CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SYSTEM IN TURKEY PROPOSALS Construction inspection should be started during design. During construction technical inspection procedure should be continued. After the construction has completed, for a specific period of time in order to ensure the building's securnees and against any possible damages an insurance system should be developed. Local administrators should be bound by issuing construction lisence, proper urbanization and efficient planning and developing of building areas. Other responsibilities should be shifted away. In proposed system, new technical and administrative departments are required. In order to protect lives and properties central government should take a leading role in inspection system development. Departments constituting this system should, on the one hand, be specialized on inspection procedures, and on the other on insurance procedures. SYSTEM'S STAKE HOLDERS a. Owner; should be entitled with responsibilities against the users and also authorized. b. Designer; architect or engineer entitled to cany out all tchnicalities on behalf of the owner..*.-«*?<*-..«*.:.PART HI INSPECTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE IN OUR COUNTRY 3194 numbered Construction Law, regulated of receiving licence from municipalities or governorships for construction within and areas around municipality districts. During the construction, in case of misconduct of plans stopping and distinction responsibility is given to Municipality and to the Department of Province Administration. During costruction, technical responsibility is given to a field professional whom we call as“Technical Specialist”. The stake holders of this system are the owner, constructor, local administration, project officers, technical responsibles and construction sight manager. Project officers, in special cases are assigned as inspectors evaluating implementation of the original plan by the owner. Technical responsible, in fact is the constructor and the inspecting partner. In practice constructor's financial interests causes same failure in inspection effectiveness. Project sight manager is the regulator of technicalities. In practice it has been observed that stake holders do not perform effectively-. An important part of buildings in our cities do not meet many engineering and technological requirements because of lack of inspection.PART IV WHAT SHOULD BE THE CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SYSTEM IN TURKEY PROPOSALS Construction inspection should be started during design. During construction technical inspection procedure should be continued. After the construction has completed, for a specific period of time in order to ensure the building's securnees and against any possible damages an insurance system should be developed. Local administrators should be bound by issuing construction lisence, proper urbanization and efficient planning and developing of building areas. Other responsibilities should be shifted away. In proposed system, new technical and administrative departments are required. In order to protect lives and properties central government should take a leading role in inspection system development. Departments constituting this system should, on the one hand, be specialized on inspection procedures, and on the other on insurance procedures. SYSTEM'S STAKE HOLDERS a. Owner; should be entitled with responsibilities against the users and also authorized. b. Designer; architect or engineer entitled to cany out all tchnicalities on behalf of the owner..*.-«*?<*-..«*.:.PART HI INSPECTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE IN OUR COUNTRY 3194 numbered Construction Law, regulated of receiving licence from municipalities or governorships for construction within and areas around municipality districts. During the construction, in case of misconduct of plans stopping and distinction responsibility is given to Municipality and to the Department of Province Administration. During costruction, technical responsibility is given to a field professional whom we call as“Technical Specialist”. The stake holders of this system are the owner, constructor, local administration, project officers, technical responsibles and construction sight manager. Project officers, in special cases are assigned as inspectors evaluating implementation of the original plan by the owner. Technical responsible, in fact is the constructor and the inspecting partner. In practice constructor's financial interests causes same failure in inspection effectiveness. Project sight manager is the regulator of technicalities. In practice it has been observed that stake holders do not perform effectively-. An important part of buildings in our cities do not meet many engineering and technological requirements because of lack of inspection.PART IV WHAT SHOULD BE THE CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SYSTEM IN TURKEY PROPOSALS Construction inspection should be started during design. During construction technical inspection procedure should be continued. After the construction has completed, for a specific period of time in order to ensure the building's securnees and against any possible damages an insurance system should be developed. Local administrators should be bound by issuing construction lisence, proper urbanization and efficient planning and developing of building areas. Other responsibilities should be shifted away. In proposed system, new technical and administrative departments are required. In order to protect lives and properties central government should take a leading role in inspection system development. Departments constituting this system should, on the one hand, be specialized on inspection procedures, and on the other on insurance procedures. SYSTEM'S STAKE HOLDERS a. Owner; should be entitled with responsibilities against the users and also authorized. b. Designer; architect or engineer entitled to cany out all tchnicalities on behalf of the owner..*.-«*?<*-..«*.:.PART HI INSPECTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION INSURANCE IN OUR COUNTRY 3194 numbered Construction Law, regulated of receiving licence from municipalities or governorships for construction within and areas around municipality districts. During the construction, in case of misconduct of plans stopping and distinction responsibility is given to Municipality and to the Department of Province Administration. During costruction, technical responsibility is given to a field professional whom we call as“Technical Specialist”. The stake holders of this system are the owner, constructor, local administration, project officers, technical responsibles and construction sight manager. Project officers, in special cases are assigned as inspectors evaluating implementation of the original plan by the owner. Technical responsible, in fact is the constructor and the inspecting partner. In practice constructor's financial interests causes same failure in inspection effectiveness. Project sight manager is the regulator of technicalities. In practice it has been observed that stake holders do not perform effectively-. An important part of buildings in our cities do not meet many engineering and technological requirements because of lack of inspection.PART IV WHAT SHOULD BE THE CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION SYSTEM IN TURKEY PROPOSALS Construction inspection should be started during design. During construction technical inspection procedure should be continued. After the construction has completed, for a specific period of time in order to ensure the building's securnees and against any possible damages an insurance system should be developed. Local administrators should be bound by issuing construction lisence, proper urbanization and efficient planning and developing of building areas. Other responsibilities should be shifted away. In proposed system, new technical and administrative departments are required. In order to protect lives and properties central government should take a leading role in inspection system development. Departments constituting this system should, on the one hand, be specialized on inspection procedures, and on the other on insurance procedures. SYSTEM'S STAKE HOLDERS a. Owner; should be entitled with responsibilities against the users and also authorized. b. Designer; architect or engineer entitled to cany out all tchnicalities on behalf of the owner..*.-«*?<*-..«*.:.c. Constructor; directly responsible of constructions against Inspection Department and partly responsible aginst the designer. Proposed system eliminate Technical Responsible. Shifting most of responsibles to constructor and designer. d. Inspection Department; independent, authonomous, govermentally represented yet, independently dominated, composite organization is proposed. e. Local Administrations; in proposed system, buildings construction and habitation lisences will be issued by local municipalities. f. Building insurance Department; insurance departments on one hand is related to the owner by building's legal affairs, and on the other to inspection department by technicalities. SYSTEM IN PRACTICE Owner assignes the project. Designer receives information about construction regularities from local administration. Owner and designer together assign a constructor with respect to primary degisn. Designer applies to local administration for a construction lisence presenting the initial plans. Local administration inspects the plans through inspection department and issues construction lisence. Inspection and Building Insurance Departments establish legalities, and inform local administration and designer. Constructor after specifying inspection procedures with assigned fnspectfön^ department and the designer starts the construction. - ? r: '“, ?,: ?Technicalities are inspected by inspection department and design is inspected by the designer. Inspection department sends a report to Building Insurance Department. In this manner technical guarantee is established. As building starts to provide service, the Building Insurance Department insures the building on behalf of the owner. During insurance period, in case of any damage, Insurance Department will call for constructor, designer and construction material provider after paying for all the damages. FINANCIAL DIMENSION OF THE SYSTEM Designer will be charged by Inspection and Insurance Departments. As a result, all financial yoke will be left over the owner. With this system a 4.5% of total investment will be added to the overall costs. SECTION FOUR LIFE AND PROPERTY SECURITY IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS PARTI ARTICLES TAKING PLACE IN CONSTRUCTION LAW Article 34 : During construction and restoration, and garden designing, implantation of trees, roads and side walks any damage and occupation of municipality, govemship and neigbours' land, properties and installations both over land and under it should take place, and an obstacle on travel of pedllSfffan, and vehicles should also take place. ^ -,c vArticle 35 : In order to develop construction area, land between road and natural building line cannot be excalvated. Article 36 : Door keeper chamber and shelter should have a required size. Article 37 : Habitation lisence will not be given to buildings and facilities that are required parking parking lots until they build one. Article 40 : Authorities should be informed in case of existence of any public health damaging remains, residuals, sound pollution, smoke etc. hazards. PART II CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS OF LAND'S INSIDE AND OUTSIDE MUNICIPALITY ANT SURROUNDING AREAS WHICH HAVE NO PLANNED LAND PROCEDURES Article 14 : The side gardens of constructions being built, should not be closer than 5 meters on frond and side of the road. Buildings not built next to each other should be at least 3 meters apart. This is 5 meter for houses made of wood. For buildings in shape of a bloc, municipality's orders should be regulated. The bloc buildings heignt should be 40 meters at most. The backyard length should not be shorter than building's height. Article 17 : Within a plot, more than one building can be constructed only if there is one construction lisence. Distance between building should be at least 10 meters. Article 18 : 1 = L - ( K + H / 2 ) I = Depth of the building ”; <'. ^ L = Depth of the plot. >“ 'vK. = Front garden length H = Height of the building According to the formula above, Building height cannot be higher than 40 meters. Article 20 : Buildings in urban areas are allowed to be built as high as the nearest highest building. This height should not exceed 9.50 meters and 3 floors. If side buildings height is shorter than this, the building's height should not exceed 6.50 meters and 2 floors. Article 26 : In general finished celling, height should be less than 2.40 meters in buildings. Floors that will not be used as habitation can be reduced down to 2.20 meters. Game and similar places' height should be at least 3.50 meters. Article 27 : Window surfaces should not be more than 1 5 % of overall surfaces in buildings. Window heights should start form 0.90 meter from floor surface. Article 28 : Door height; Entrance doors should not be shorter than 2.10 meters and room doors should not be less than 2.00 meters. Doors should be at least 1.00 meter and 0.90 meter respectively. Article 29 : In public buildings such as hotels, trade centers, office, passages, shopping centers, etc. and buildings with more than one floor main stairways cannot be made of wood. Stairs should have direct access to light and reach to the top of the building. Each stairs height should be at heast 0.18 meter, and its width should be at most 0.25 meter.Article 30 : Normal chimney's internal length and width should not be less than 0.13 x 0.13 meter. Each floor should have its own chimney. In buildings with central heating, except for kitchen and bathroom, for each floor at least one. And for business buildings and such, for each floor at least one chimney should be planted. PART III EARTHQUAKE REGULATIONS In calamity areas all private and public buildings and building type sights that should be reconstructed, replaced, developed, restored, or supported technically are subordinated to these regulations. All these regulations should take place. A. LAND THAT BUILDING CANNOT BE CONSTRUCTED UPON Buildings cannot be constructed or restored in calamity areas or prohibited area. Buildings cannot be constructed over artificially shaped land unless 30 years have passed and rehabitation operations has took place. B. PROTECTION FROM FLOODS These parts of buildings that have a possibility of being affected by water, should not be constructed of materials, either natural or unnatural, which are not resistant to water. Buildings should be built of 250 dosage concentration cement and 1/3 stone beton 0.30 meter higher than expected highest flood level.C. PROTECTION FROM FIRE Until Turkish standards against fire has set, those parts of buildings that are prone to fire, and those parts that have already affected by fire and need restoration, the following should be implemented. The exterior of buildings built next to each other should not be built of a flamable material, wood and such. Chimney's external wall thickness should be at least one brick wide thick and chimneys should not be connected to wooden parts. Chimney should be 0.75 meter higher from intercourse point with the roof and 0.50 meter higher than the highest level of the roof. Buildings with lamber as main structure, should not be built next to eac h other. These buildings in case of shored land should be built at least 5 meters from each other. D. PROTECTION AGAINST EARTNHQUAKE The earthquake design which is described in this regulation is of the type that within 50 years 1 0% of it is bound to be proceeded against land movement. This type of a regulation is applied only on buildings and building type of constructions. Constructions other than building types such as bridges, barrages, marine, tunels, pipe lines, energy and transmission liens, nuclear stations, natural gas depoing stations, etc. are exceeded by this regulation. Clarifications concerning building transmission system designees-'- -and unnatural constructions take place within this regulation. *”* v“*Ml ;. ^ ^''^'P ??PART IV ALTERNATIVE TECHNICAL SAMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION (PREFABRICATION TECHNIQUE) There are three stages in construction production; 1. Production of the carrying framework, 2. Clothing of the carryer, 3. Establishment of the installation. In construction production area, the clothing of the carryer and the establishment of installations have reached a very high quality level due to industrial productions. When products are of those type that have successfully passed quality control, only when installing them human factor is intervening. The main problem in our country is to maintain a quality especially when making the carrying framework. The nonquality production in this level, leads to risks on human and materials. In construction sector, in order to improve the quality, prefabri cation technology can be used especially on the carrying framework and its clothing. The description of prefabrication is, industrially pre-producing of the elements of a carrying system forming a construction and its installation in the work place. Recently, there are three types of materials that can be used in carrying systems. Wood, steel and concrete. Within these materials, concrete is the most fj^uı-âble in terms of suiting in mass production, is easily shaped, is resistant to fire and\ha& t long life. fDue to these reasons in buildings literature, when prebabrication is in question, reinforced concrete constructions' prefabrication technique is understood. There are many benefits of perfabrication techniques such as time saving during the construction, not being affected by weather conditions, preventing source wasting, not using wood, etc. The prefabrication method, by being a light construction, with high quality concrete and with smaller and lighter dimensions of construction elements has relieved the earthquake loads. SECTION FIVE THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE INSURANCES The damages that can be attributed to calamities are caused either by human or by the nature. For the ”calamity“ damages caused by human, extensive fire, air, sea, road and railway accidents, mine accidents and terrorism events can be given as examples. On the other hand, damages caused by nature can be earthquakes, storms, floods, inundations, slumping, etc. As the ecomomic development improves and the industry strenghthens, the damages of the natural calamities on the world economy becomes more extensive. In Japan, the insurance of the habitant buildings against earthquake is being supported by the government. The reassurance guarantee of these insurances is given within Japan. With the participation of the Japanese insurance companies, a Japan Earthquake Reassurance Company has been formed. The reassuarance guarantees of earthquake insurances in the country are being giyen”;;py^ ; th|s company. By this way, when an earthquake disaster accurs, the paybj-ent is beın'ğ % done by the Japanese Earthquake Reassurance Company, by the insurahc^|companies and the government respectively. In our country, not only there is no national obligatory calamity insurance, there is also no »uarantee limit or no guarantee at all. In our country, in order for our insurance companies to pay for the damages after an earthquake, we can propose to reserve for 10-15 years the premiums belonging to earthquake insurances, and apply a tax exemption upon them. CONCLUSION In our days, the principle of long termed construction responsibility, under the effect of France is being applied in Africa, Arabic Countries, Latin America and European Countries. In our country, concerning the responsibilites arroused by the buildings, there are few regulations on the Civil Law, Law of Obligations and Construction Law. Yet, the relative attempts are proved to be improper and insufficient. Furthermore, speaking for our country, there are too many levels starting by the project of a building untill the issuing of the lisence. The control of these services pass through many different stages. At this point an integration should be reached. On the other hand, the technical responsibles that take place in the Construction Law, do not realize their duties properly and consequently they should be bound to inspection engineers or inspection foundations. In the case of security realization in constructions, standardization of construction materials, quality in working and educational aspects should be considered more effectively. ;;..“ ;^”*“fi”-Ül> ^ './' ? &-i.;.: is /'“”Unless an inspection system is established and unless this inspection system is not provided with legal interactions between insurance companies, passing through obligatory insurance system will not be proper. It should also be investigated the possibility of transferring the responsibilities to foreign reassurance companies. Finally, in order to neutrallize the negative effects of the inflation upon the sector, a fund can be provided or even a common fund can be created among the companies. r-mt:
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