Senkron makinanın kararlılık incelemesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 66495
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. AYŞEN DEMİRÖREN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Buhar türbini, Kararlılık analizi, Regülator, Senkron makineler, Steam turbine, Stability analysis, Regulator, Synchronous machinery
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Elektrik Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada sonsuz güçlü bir şebekeye bağlı senkron makina, iletim hattı ve tahrik makinasmın ( Buhar türbini) durum uzay modelleri çıkarılmış ve güç sistemininde bir bozucu etki olması esnasında sistemin davranışları bozucu etki öncesi sonrası ve sırasında incelenmiştir. Sisteme eklenen otomatik gerilim regülatörünün sistem kararlılığı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiş ve daha sonra sistem kararlılığının artırılması amacıyla adaptıf kontrolörlerden biri olan öz ayar regülatörü ( self-tuning regülatör) sisteme eklenerek çıkış değişkenleri tekrar incelenmiştir. Senkron generatör ve uyarmayı içeren durum uzay modeli ikinci bölümde, türbin, devir sayısı regülatörünü içeren durum uzay modeli üçüncü bölümde, uyarma sistemlerinin tanıtılması türleri ve otomatik gerilim regülatörleri dördüncü bölümde, adaptif kontrol sistemleri hakkında genel bilgi, tekrarlamalı en küçük kareler yönteminin tanıtılması ve öz a- yar regülatörleri bakında genel bilgi beşinci bölümde ve son olarakta Fortran 77 bilgisayar programıyla sistem simülasyonlan ve çıkış grafiklerinin alınması altıncı bölümde verilmiştir. VIII
Özet (Çeviri)
In everyday language, to 'adapt' means to change a behavior to conform to new circumstances. Intuitively, an adaptive regulator is a regulator that can modify its behavior in response to changes in the dynamics of the process and the disturbances. Since ordinary feedback has been introduced for the same purpose, the question of the difference between feedback control and adaptive control immediately arises. Over the years there have been many attempts to define adaptive control. At an early symposium in 1961 a long discussion ended with the following suggested definition: ' An adaptive system is any physical system that has been designed with an adaptive viewpoint.' A new attempt was made by an IEEE committee in 1973. It proposed a new vocabulary based on notions like self-organizing control ( SOC ) system, parameter adaptive SOC, performance-adaptive SOC and learning control system. A meaningful definition of adaptive control, which would make it possible to look at a regulator hardware and software and decide if it is adaptive or not, is still lack ing. There appears, however, to be a consensus that a constant-gain feedback is not a adap tive system. X7VSynchronous machines are nonlinear and subject to continuous changes and dis- turbances. it is desirable to design the structure and parameter values of a controller which will function satisfactorily for the various operating conditions. To achieve an acceptable performance the design of the voltage regülatör structure and selection of parameters have to be done carefully. it inevitably involves large amounts of experimentation on the machine. Tuning procedures provide optimum performance for the worst conditions, so that performance will be satisfactory över a wide range of operation. Adaptive regulators are very suitable for plants whose operating conditions change. The situation is depicted in Fiğ. 1. If the plant has öne set of parameters the elements in the controller should have an optimum set of values to achieve an optimum performance of the output. If the plant parameters change, the controller parameters will no more be optimal unless they also change accordingly. Adapter regulators satisfy this need for changing the controller parameters. <disturîpance*(Z)* Controller» Power amp. -» Blant R->^n^_J-lT^-J Fiğ. l. The controller with variable parameters for a varying plant. A popular regülatör which can change the controller parameters to give optimal performance under varying operating conditions is called the self-tuning regülatör ( STR) and is shown in Fiğ. 2. An STR is a digital adaptive regülatör which has the facility to change the controller parameters continuously by tracking the operating conditions in real time and modifying the parameters accordingly. in applying the STR theory to the excitation control problem, it has been found that due to the computational burdens imposed upon the process computers, particularly the microcomputers, the sample time required tends to be too large to track machine dynamics. To avoid this a dual rate sampling model is suggested. Multirate control system are known to give better perfbrmance. Comparison of performance is made with the STR and also with an analog AVR designed following the widely accepted guidelines. it is demonstrated that the proposed regülatör gives superior performance. Xserve the purpose. A change in the load supplied to the system will affect the terminal voltage as well as the load angle and A<y transientily. If this load disturbance is uncorrelated ( i. e. the load at öne sample is not related to the sample at the preceding ör next sample), has zero mean and is of finite variance, the system with control voltage as the input and terminal voltageas the output can be identified and controlled successfülly using the latest-squares prediction model. But such disturbances are usually persistent, e.g. a load comes on and stays on, ör the machine is required to share more load with the system. If such disturbances can be measured ör estimated, they can be included in the model by augmenting eqn. These variables are called feed fonvard inputs. If power system is nonlinear and time varying. Excitation controllers and power system stabilizers with fixed parameters are designed for a given operating point. They can not provide optimal performance at other operating points. An adaptive controller can track the controlled system by parameter identification, and thus the controller can ahvays give optimal control. So, the emphasis of research on excitation control and power system stabilizers in recent years has been on adaptive control algorithm. in 1968, models for system in use at that time were presented by the excitation system subcommittee, and have since been widely used by the industry. While such models are stili adequate for many types of system stability studies, improved models of those sys- tems are presented which reflect current knowledge and modeüng practices. in addition, several new excitation systems are now in use which can not be adequately represented by the older models. When the behavior of synchronous machines is to be accurately simulated in po- wer system stability studies, it is essential that their excitation systems be modeled in suffici- ent detail. The desired models must be suitable for representing the actual excitation equip- ment performance for large, severe disturbances as well as for small perturbations. An earh'er IEEE Committees Report on Excitation System models has provided a reference for manufacturers, owners and system analysts since 1968. it established a common nomenclature, presented mathematicalmodels for excitation systems then in common use, and defined parameters for those models. This report is an extension of that vvork. it provides models for new types of excitation equipment not covered previously as well as improved models for older equipment. To some extent, the model structures presented are intended to facilitate the use of field test data as a means of obtaining model parameters. Although the earlier report contained typical model parameters applicable to some of the models makes the definition of such typical data difficult. The models are valid for frequency deviations of ±5% from rated frequency and oscillation frequencies up to about 3 Hz. However, the analysis of subsyncronous resonan- xnce and the shaft torsional spectrum is beyond the scope of these models. Care should be ta ken in using them outside these limits. The general functional block diagram in Fig. 4 indicates the various generator ex citation subsystems which are customarily represented in electrical power system studies. Vref 'ERR & Voltage Regulator Terminal Voltage Transducer and Load Compensator VR Exciter Vn Excitation sys. Stabilizer I FD Generator and Power system İFD Vt Power sys. stabilizer 'SI Fig. 4. General functional block diagram for generator excitation control system Verr : Voltage error signal Vs : Power system stabilizer output Vsi : Power system stabilizer input Vf : Excitation system stabilizer output Vt : General terminal voltage Vc : Compensator voltage output Vr : Voltage regulator output Three distinctive types of excitation system are identified on the basis of excitation power source: * Type DC Excitation Systems which utilize a direct current generator with a commutator as the source of excitation system power. * Type AC Excitation Systems which use an alternator and either stationary or rotating rectifiers to produce the direct current needed for the generator field, * Type ST Excitation System in which excitation power is supplied through t- ransformers and rectifiers. -xinIn everyday language, to 'adapt' means to change a behavior to conform to new circumstances. Intuitively, an adaptive regulator is a regulator that can modify its behavior in response to changes in the dynamics of the process and the disturbances. Since ordinary feedback has been introduced for the same purpose, the question of the difference between feedback control and adaptive control immediately arises. Over the years there have been many attempts to define adaptive control. At an early symposium in 1961 a long discussion ended with the following suggested definition: ' An adaptive system is any physical system that has been designed with an adaptive viewpoint.' A new attempt was made by an IEEE committee in 1973. It proposed a new vocabulary based on notions like self-organizing control ( SOC ) system, parameter adaptive SOC, performance-adaptive SOC and learning control system. A meaningful definition of adaptive control, which would make it possible to look at a regulator hardware and software and decide if it is adaptive or not, is still lack ing. There appears, however, to be a consensus that a constant-gain feedback is not a adap tive system. X7V
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