Taşıtlarda alternatif tahrik ve yakıt tiplerinin etüdü
Investigation of alternative propulsion and fuel types at the vehicles
- Tez No: 46328
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. ALİ GÖKTAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Otomotiv endüstrisi, Taşıtlar, Yakıtlar, Automotive industry, Vehicles, Fuels
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
methanol vehicles is higher than gasoline vehicles. Ethanol is obtained from agricultural crops. The thought of ethanol usage at the internal combustion engines, is suitable for counties which have a high agricultural crop capacity. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the internal combustion engines will be limited. Ethanol has a high octane number. Ethanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, ethanol has low cetane number. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperature create problems at the diesel engines. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the Otto cycle engines is preferable. The capacity of fuel tanks on ethanol fueled vehicles limits the range of travel. Ethanol is corrosive. Ethanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. And presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Ethanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline, and cold starting is a problem for pure ethanol. Therefore, some amount of gasoline added to ethanol. But, ethanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. LPG is obtained from petroleum and natural gas. LPG can be used at automobiles if some differences are made. LPG is stored in pressurized tanks at the vehicles. LPG is consisted mainly of propane and butane. LPG normally offers good octane numbers, good cold weather starting, low emissions. The energy intensity of LPG fuel is lower than gasoline. And, LPG has a low cetane number, so it is not useful for diesel engines. According to Ford engineers, the propane fueled vehicles will have better acceleration and improved cold weather driveability when compared to gasoline fueled vehicles. And also, propane fueled cars have the potential for longer spark plug life, improved oil aid oil filter life. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (power sources characteristics curves, energy consumption, economy, movement performance, and the emission of exhaust gases) which are suitable for the selection of alternative propulsion types, which one of the propulsion type is the advantageous one can be found. Considering the other propulsion types, it was concluded that, to use electrical energy at the vehicles is more advantageous. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (chemical and physical properties of the fuels which are used at the internal combustion engines, energy consumption, economy, XVIII
Özet (Çeviri)
required to use natural gas in diesel engines. Gasoline engine can be successfully modified to use natural gas. At the gasoline engines, gas carburetors can be used. The use of natural gas as a fuel in the internal combustion engines reduces the emissions of exhaust gases. Natural gas can be used in spark ignition engines for the purpose of reducing emissions of CO and HC. And it can be used in diesel engines for purpose of reducing emissions of NOx, HC and soot. The use of natural gas also eliminates the emissions of lead oxides. Natural gas can be stored at the vehicle as gas or liquid. Natural gas storage requires more space than gasoline. Larger fuel tanks is needed. Fuel storage tanks can be bulky and heavy. The dimension of the tank depends on how much range is desired and how much extra weight can be put on the vehicle. The range is limited at the natural gas vehicles. Methanol can be manufactured from natural gas, coal and wood. Methanol has a high octane number, only a slight modification is required. Methanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, methanol has low cetane number. The resistance to self ignition and low cetane number make it poor fuel for conventional Diesel cycle engines. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperatures create problems in the initiation of combustion by spraying fuel into the compressed air near the end of the compression stroke. Where the fuel is ignited it will bum only with prolonged ignition delay which leads to knocking in diesel engines. Methanol has barely half the energy per liter of gasoline, thus refueling is needed more oftea The capacity of the fuel tanks on these vehicles limits the range of travel. Methanol is corrosive. Liquid methanol corrodes parts in conventional gasoline engines. Methanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. If methanol becomes an accepted alternative fuel and is transported like other petroleum fuels by common carriers, it could be contaminated more easily by moisture. Presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Methanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline and is harder to start by spark ignition, especially in cold weather, so some amount of gasoline is added to methanol. And also, the flame invisibility problem of methanol can be eliminated. In general, methanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. Methanol has one major exhaust emission disadvantage: the emissions of aldehydes. The formaldehyde emission of XVIImethanol vehicles is higher than gasoline vehicles. Ethanol is obtained from agricultural crops. The thought of ethanol usage at the internal combustion engines, is suitable for counties which have a high agricultural crop capacity. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the internal combustion engines will be limited. Ethanol has a high octane number. Ethanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, ethanol has low cetane number. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperature create problems at the diesel engines. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the Otto cycle engines is preferable. The capacity of fuel tanks on ethanol fueled vehicles limits the range of travel. Ethanol is corrosive. Ethanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. And presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Ethanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline, and cold starting is a problem for pure ethanol. Therefore, some amount of gasoline added to ethanol. But, ethanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. LPG is obtained from petroleum and natural gas. LPG can be used at automobiles if some differences are made. LPG is stored in pressurized tanks at the vehicles. LPG is consisted mainly of propane and butane. LPG normally offers good octane numbers, good cold weather starting, low emissions. The energy intensity of LPG fuel is lower than gasoline. And, LPG has a low cetane number, so it is not useful for diesel engines. According to Ford engineers, the propane fueled vehicles will have better acceleration and improved cold weather driveability when compared to gasoline fueled vehicles. And also, propane fueled cars have the potential for longer spark plug life, improved oil aid oil filter life. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (power sources characteristics curves, energy consumption, economy, movement performance, and the emission of exhaust gases) which are suitable for the selection of alternative propulsion types, which one of the propulsion type is the advantageous one can be found. Considering the other propulsion types, it was concluded that, to use electrical energy at the vehicles is more advantageous. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (chemical and physical properties of the fuels which are used at the internal combustion engines, energy consumption, economy, XVIIIrequired to use natural gas in diesel engines. Gasoline engine can be successfully modified to use natural gas. At the gasoline engines, gas carburetors can be used. The use of natural gas as a fuel in the internal combustion engines reduces the emissions of exhaust gases. Natural gas can be used in spark ignition engines for the purpose of reducing emissions of CO and HC. And it can be used in diesel engines for purpose of reducing emissions of NOx, HC and soot. The use of natural gas also eliminates the emissions of lead oxides. Natural gas can be stored at the vehicle as gas or liquid. Natural gas storage requires more space than gasoline. Larger fuel tanks is needed. Fuel storage tanks can be bulky and heavy. The dimension of the tank depends on how much range is desired and how much extra weight can be put on the vehicle. The range is limited at the natural gas vehicles. Methanol can be manufactured from natural gas, coal and wood. Methanol has a high octane number, only a slight modification is required. Methanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, methanol has low cetane number. The resistance to self ignition and low cetane number make it poor fuel for conventional Diesel cycle engines. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperatures create problems in the initiation of combustion by spraying fuel into the compressed air near the end of the compression stroke. Where the fuel is ignited it will bum only with prolonged ignition delay which leads to knocking in diesel engines. Methanol has barely half the energy per liter of gasoline, thus refueling is needed more oftea The capacity of the fuel tanks on these vehicles limits the range of travel. Methanol is corrosive. Liquid methanol corrodes parts in conventional gasoline engines. Methanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. If methanol becomes an accepted alternative fuel and is transported like other petroleum fuels by common carriers, it could be contaminated more easily by moisture. Presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Methanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline and is harder to start by spark ignition, especially in cold weather, so some amount of gasoline is added to methanol. And also, the flame invisibility problem of methanol can be eliminated. In general, methanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. Methanol has one major exhaust emission disadvantage: the emissions of aldehydes. The formaldehyde emission of XVIImethanol vehicles is higher than gasoline vehicles. Ethanol is obtained from agricultural crops. The thought of ethanol usage at the internal combustion engines, is suitable for counties which have a high agricultural crop capacity. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the internal combustion engines will be limited. Ethanol has a high octane number. Ethanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, ethanol has low cetane number. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperature create problems at the diesel engines. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the Otto cycle engines is preferable. The capacity of fuel tanks on ethanol fueled vehicles limits the range of travel. Ethanol is corrosive. Ethanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. And presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Ethanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline, and cold starting is a problem for pure ethanol. Therefore, some amount of gasoline added to ethanol. But, ethanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. LPG is obtained from petroleum and natural gas. LPG can be used at automobiles if some differences are made. LPG is stored in pressurized tanks at the vehicles. LPG is consisted mainly of propane and butane. LPG normally offers good octane numbers, good cold weather starting, low emissions. The energy intensity of LPG fuel is lower than gasoline. And, LPG has a low cetane number, so it is not useful for diesel engines. According to Ford engineers, the propane fueled vehicles will have better acceleration and improved cold weather driveability when compared to gasoline fueled vehicles. And also, propane fueled cars have the potential for longer spark plug life, improved oil aid oil filter life. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (power sources characteristics curves, energy consumption, economy, movement performance, and the emission of exhaust gases) which are suitable for the selection of alternative propulsion types, which one of the propulsion type is the advantageous one can be found. Considering the other propulsion types, it was concluded that, to use electrical energy at the vehicles is more advantageous. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (chemical and physical properties of the fuels which are used at the internal combustion engines, energy consumption, economy, XVIIIrequired to use natural gas in diesel engines. Gasoline engine can be successfully modified to use natural gas. At the gasoline engines, gas carburetors can be used. The use of natural gas as a fuel in the internal combustion engines reduces the emissions of exhaust gases. Natural gas can be used in spark ignition engines for the purpose of reducing emissions of CO and HC. And it can be used in diesel engines for purpose of reducing emissions of NOx, HC and soot. The use of natural gas also eliminates the emissions of lead oxides. Natural gas can be stored at the vehicle as gas or liquid. Natural gas storage requires more space than gasoline. Larger fuel tanks is needed. Fuel storage tanks can be bulky and heavy. The dimension of the tank depends on how much range is desired and how much extra weight can be put on the vehicle. The range is limited at the natural gas vehicles. Methanol can be manufactured from natural gas, coal and wood. Methanol has a high octane number, only a slight modification is required. Methanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, methanol has low cetane number. The resistance to self ignition and low cetane number make it poor fuel for conventional Diesel cycle engines. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperatures create problems in the initiation of combustion by spraying fuel into the compressed air near the end of the compression stroke. Where the fuel is ignited it will bum only with prolonged ignition delay which leads to knocking in diesel engines. Methanol has barely half the energy per liter of gasoline, thus refueling is needed more oftea The capacity of the fuel tanks on these vehicles limits the range of travel. Methanol is corrosive. Liquid methanol corrodes parts in conventional gasoline engines. Methanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. If methanol becomes an accepted alternative fuel and is transported like other petroleum fuels by common carriers, it could be contaminated more easily by moisture. Presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Methanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline and is harder to start by spark ignition, especially in cold weather, so some amount of gasoline is added to methanol. And also, the flame invisibility problem of methanol can be eliminated. In general, methanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. Methanol has one major exhaust emission disadvantage: the emissions of aldehydes. The formaldehyde emission of XVIImethanol vehicles is higher than gasoline vehicles. Ethanol is obtained from agricultural crops. The thought of ethanol usage at the internal combustion engines, is suitable for counties which have a high agricultural crop capacity. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the internal combustion engines will be limited. Ethanol has a high octane number. Ethanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, ethanol has low cetane number. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperature create problems at the diesel engines. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the Otto cycle engines is preferable. The capacity of fuel tanks on ethanol fueled vehicles limits the range of travel. Ethanol is corrosive. Ethanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. And presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Ethanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline, and cold starting is a problem for pure ethanol. Therefore, some amount of gasoline added to ethanol. But, ethanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. LPG is obtained from petroleum and natural gas. LPG can be used at automobiles if some differences are made. LPG is stored in pressurized tanks at the vehicles. LPG is consisted mainly of propane and butane. LPG normally offers good octane numbers, good cold weather starting, low emissions. The energy intensity of LPG fuel is lower than gasoline. And, LPG has a low cetane number, so it is not useful for diesel engines. According to Ford engineers, the propane fueled vehicles will have better acceleration and improved cold weather driveability when compared to gasoline fueled vehicles. And also, propane fueled cars have the potential for longer spark plug life, improved oil aid oil filter life. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (power sources characteristics curves, energy consumption, economy, movement performance, and the emission of exhaust gases) which are suitable for the selection of alternative propulsion types, which one of the propulsion type is the advantageous one can be found. Considering the other propulsion types, it was concluded that, to use electrical energy at the vehicles is more advantageous. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (chemical and physical properties of the fuels which are used at the internal combustion engines, energy consumption, economy, XVIIIrequired to use natural gas in diesel engines. Gasoline engine can be successfully modified to use natural gas. At the gasoline engines, gas carburetors can be used. The use of natural gas as a fuel in the internal combustion engines reduces the emissions of exhaust gases. Natural gas can be used in spark ignition engines for the purpose of reducing emissions of CO and HC. And it can be used in diesel engines for purpose of reducing emissions of NOx, HC and soot. The use of natural gas also eliminates the emissions of lead oxides. Natural gas can be stored at the vehicle as gas or liquid. Natural gas storage requires more space than gasoline. Larger fuel tanks is needed. Fuel storage tanks can be bulky and heavy. The dimension of the tank depends on how much range is desired and how much extra weight can be put on the vehicle. The range is limited at the natural gas vehicles. Methanol can be manufactured from natural gas, coal and wood. Methanol has a high octane number, only a slight modification is required. Methanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, methanol has low cetane number. The resistance to self ignition and low cetane number make it poor fuel for conventional Diesel cycle engines. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperatures create problems in the initiation of combustion by spraying fuel into the compressed air near the end of the compression stroke. Where the fuel is ignited it will bum only with prolonged ignition delay which leads to knocking in diesel engines. Methanol has barely half the energy per liter of gasoline, thus refueling is needed more oftea The capacity of the fuel tanks on these vehicles limits the range of travel. Methanol is corrosive. Liquid methanol corrodes parts in conventional gasoline engines. Methanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. If methanol becomes an accepted alternative fuel and is transported like other petroleum fuels by common carriers, it could be contaminated more easily by moisture. Presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Methanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline and is harder to start by spark ignition, especially in cold weather, so some amount of gasoline is added to methanol. And also, the flame invisibility problem of methanol can be eliminated. In general, methanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. Methanol has one major exhaust emission disadvantage: the emissions of aldehydes. The formaldehyde emission of XVIImethanol vehicles is higher than gasoline vehicles. Ethanol is obtained from agricultural crops. The thought of ethanol usage at the internal combustion engines, is suitable for counties which have a high agricultural crop capacity. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the internal combustion engines will be limited. Ethanol has a high octane number. Ethanol is excellent fuel for Otto-cycle engines due to its resistance to self ignition, and high octane number. But also, ethanol has low cetane number. The low cetane number and high spontaneous ignition temperature create problems at the diesel engines. Therefore, the usage of ethanol at the Otto cycle engines is preferable. The capacity of fuel tanks on ethanol fueled vehicles limits the range of travel. Ethanol is corrosive. Ethanol attracts more moisture than gasoline, which contributes to corrosion. And presence of even small amounts of water in gasoline-alcohol blends causes phase separation. Ethanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline, and cold starting is a problem for pure ethanol. Therefore, some amount of gasoline added to ethanol. But, ethanol fuel is useful for reducing exhaust emissions. LPG is obtained from petroleum and natural gas. LPG can be used at automobiles if some differences are made. LPG is stored in pressurized tanks at the vehicles. LPG is consisted mainly of propane and butane. LPG normally offers good octane numbers, good cold weather starting, low emissions. The energy intensity of LPG fuel is lower than gasoline. And, LPG has a low cetane number, so it is not useful for diesel engines. According to Ford engineers, the propane fueled vehicles will have better acceleration and improved cold weather driveability when compared to gasoline fueled vehicles. And also, propane fueled cars have the potential for longer spark plug life, improved oil aid oil filter life. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (power sources characteristics curves, energy consumption, economy, movement performance, and the emission of exhaust gases) which are suitable for the selection of alternative propulsion types, which one of the propulsion type is the advantageous one can be found. Considering the other propulsion types, it was concluded that, to use electrical energy at the vehicles is more advantageous. In the future, by the usage of some criterias (chemical and physical properties of the fuels which are used at the internal combustion engines, energy consumption, economy, XVIIImovement performance, and emission of the exhaust gases) which are suitable for the selection alternative fuel type, which one of the fuel type is the advantageous one can be found. In order to solve the problem of energy deficiency, and lowering of exhaust gases emission in the world and in Türkiye, whole of the alternative fuel types can be used at the internal combustion engines. But nowadays, as the environmental and air pollution are getting in critical limits, and as the countries are putting limits to the emission of exhaust gases, it can be estimated that, in the near future vehicles with no exhaust gases emission will have been used. So, the gasoline which is used nowadays and alternative fuels to it can be suitable for the transition period. As a conclusion, it can be said due to the fact stated in this master thesis study that, only the xisage of electric vehicles is the most logical one compared with the vehicles with alternative propulsion types and fuel types. XIX
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