Birleşmiş Milletler barışı koruma harekatının hukuksal esasları
The Legal aspects of United Nations peace keeping operations
- Tez No: 41465
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. ÖMER İLHAN AKİPEK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Hukuk, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Law, International Relations
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Barış gücü, Birleşmiş Milletler, Hukuksal esaslar, Peace force, United Nations, Legal aspects
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Ankara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
132 THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF UN PEACE KEEPING OPERATIONS The attempt to control the use of force has a long history, and falls broadly into two categories. These are the circumstances in which force may properly be used and the manner in which hostilities are conducted. As for the circumstances in which force may properly be used, the UN Charter prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of a state. The only unilateral use of force permitted to a state is that of self- defence. An aggressor is collectively identified and punished, until its aggression is reversed. This strict limitation on the use of force in the Charter is dependent upon the provision of collective security by the UN. Under the Charter SC may take action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. The system postulated that states ought to settle their dispute peacefully and never use force subject to the exception of self defence and the UN would act as a world police and enforcement agency. But this collective security system has not been esteblished because of the Cold War. To fill the gap, peacekeeping gradually emerged. Although there are signs that there may be a revitalition of the enforcement powers of the SC, it appears that the usefulness of peacekeeping is not diminished. Because they lack any constitutional basis in the UN Charter, peacekeeping forces are sent only with the consent of country or countries in which they are stationed. Consent is obtained from the goverment133 concerned. In its more recent peacekeeping operations, the UN has tried to gain the consent of ali the factions in a civil war. If the consent of the government is not given or withdrawn, then the peacekeeping operation cannot remain on that state's territory, unless the UN is prepared to change its mandate to enforcement. Despite the possibility of a peacekeeping force, being converted into an enforcement action, the likelihood is slim. First of all, states contributing to a peacekeeping force would have to give permission for their troops to be used in enforcement action. Thus making drastic changes of mandates is unlikely. Secondly, the force would have to be rearmed and would have to be considerable expanded if they were to become effective enforcement units. Finally, such a conversion in mandate would make it less likely that states would willingly accept peacekeeping forces in the future. Consent is required not only for the operation's establishment, but also for its mandate. It is a key principle that the operation must not interfere in the internal affairs of the host countries and must not favour one party against another. This requirement of impartiality is fundamental to ensure that the operation is effective. Another important aspects of peacekeeping which distunguishes it clearly from enforcement is that the forces are only authorised to use force in self-defence. The peacekeepers have no rights of enforcement and their use of force is limited to self-defence as a last resort. But that is not to say that peacekeeping forces should not be strengthened. This limitation on the use of force does not hinder the work of inter-state peacekeeping forces, when these states have consented to the force. But it presents problems in the intra-state situation when only the host goverment has given consent, or the134 leaders of the factions in the conflict agree to the force but are unable or unwilling to control their forces. This situation led the SC to take some forceful measures on the borderline between peacekeeping and enforcement. In short, peacekeeping forces observe and report. They carry only light arms and shoot only in self-defence. Peacekeeping troops are sent only with the consent of the countries in which they are stationed unlike combat units, peacekeeping forces are not designed to create the conditions for their own success on the ground. These conditions must pre-exist for them to be able to perform their role.
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