Enerji sistemlerindeki şönt kapasitörlerinin optimum yeri ve büyüklüğü
Optimum size and location of shunt capacitor on energy system
- Tez No: 39477
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NESRİN TARKAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Enerji iletim sistemleri, Güç kaybı, Kondansatör, Energy transmission systems, Power loss, Capacitor
- Yıl: 1994
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
feeders. Industry practices in this regard are mainly heuristic and based on guidelines from a number of publications which have appeared over the years. All of these references present results which are restrictive because of one or more of the following: 1. Loads are assumed to uniformly distributed along feeders. 2. No changes in wire-sizes along the feeder are considered. 3. Cost of capacitors is not accounted for. 4. Voltage changes along the feeders are not considered. Grainger and Lee present new procedures which remove the first three restrictions above. The present paper presents an extended methodology which also removes the restriction on voltage variation and allows for incorporation of an a.c. load flow program into the procedure for radial feeder compensation. A realistic primary distribution system is tapered so that sections with different wire-sizes extend radialy from the substation towards the and of the feeder. Using the procedures, the distribution engineer can easily develop a normalized equivalent feeder having a uniform resistance r per unit length. The normalized equivalent feeder has exactly the same resistive characteristics as the actual feeder; resistance of each feeder section is unaltered in value so that the actual kilowatt loss for each section of the entire feeder can be determined from the model, provided the actual load currents are known also introduce a current distribution function which can be easily constructed once the actual load currents and their spatial distribution are known. The current distribution function accounts for the fact that the load currents along a physical feeder are not necessarily distributed uniformly but may occur at discrete points which it is called with load points. P^ does not effect the decision-making process in any significant manner, maximum capacity release by placement of fixed shunt capacitors can be accomplished by minimizing Pl,. When the cost of capacitors is also taken into consideration, the cost function to be minimized by optimal capacitor placement is given by. a C =KpPM +KC J^ k=4 Kp: annual cost per unit of power loss in $/kw/yr. K0: annual cost per unit of installed capacitor in $/kvar three-phase. The modified spatial current distribution function, Fq(x), constructed from the projections of the actual load currents on the q-axis, is dependent upon the feeder voltage. Moreover, the feeder voltage profile depends upon the locations and sizes of the capacitors. Consequently, Fq(x) and ICqk (k=1,2,...,n) are ix
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY OPTİMUM SÎZE AND LOCATION OF SHUNT CAPACITOR ON ENERGY SYSTEM New generalized procedure are developed for optimizing the net savings associated with reduction of power and energy losses through shunt capacitor placement on primary distribution feeders. These procedures are applied to realistle probiems to facilitates their immediate use by the electric utility distribution system designer. it is shown that a basic principle, called here The Equal Area Criterion“, offers significant computational and physical insight into numerous probiems outside the bounds of studies previously reported and widely accepted in industry. Shunt capacitors have been installed on distribution primary feeders to improve feeder voltage profile via power factor correction. it has been also wldely recognized that the application of shunt capacitors results in reduction of power and energy losses in the feeder. Hence, full benefits from the use of shunt capacitor can only be achieved through simultaneous consideration of the above- mentioned two effects. The problem of installing shunt capacitors on distribution primary feeders has been dealt wrth by many researchers such as Neagle and Samson, Cook, Schmill, Chang, Rankine and others. in applying their results to specific, physically-based probiems, however, most previous work suffers from the follovving standpoints: 1.Very restricted reactive-load distribution such as uniform-load distribution ör a combination of concentrated and uniformly distributed loads have been extensively is used in most analyses. Wire size of the feeder has been usually assumed to be uniform. it is apparent that solutions obtained under these assumptions. 2.Very often analyses were concemed wtth specified cases, e.g. the case of öne capacitor bank, two capacitor banks, ete. Because of the lack of those formulae, utility companies having different situation may not be abie to apply those results their systems. The primary objective of this paper is to remove certain unrealistic assumptions and to present very general and yet simple procedures for implementation so that they can be easily and readily modified, adapted, and extended depending upon conditions of the system in question. Postponing consideration of voltage corrtrol probiems to our future reports, We will deal only with savings due to power and energy loss reductions using shunt capacitors. it should be mentioned that the problem formulation and the solution approaches to vifeeders. Industry practices in this regard are mainly heuristic and based on guidelines from a number of publications which have appeared over the years. All of these references present results which are restrictive because of one or more of the following: 1. Loads are assumed to uniformly distributed along feeders. 2. No changes in wire-sizes along the feeder are considered. 3. Cost of capacitors is not accounted for. 4. Voltage changes along the feeders are not considered. Grainger and Lee present new procedures which remove the first three restrictions above. The present paper presents an extended methodology which also removes the restriction on voltage variation and allows for incorporation of an a.c. load flow program into the procedure for radial feeder compensation. A realistic primary distribution system is tapered so that sections with different wire-sizes extend radialy from the substation towards the and of the feeder. Using the procedures, the distribution engineer can easily develop a normalized equivalent feeder having a uniform resistance r per unit length. The normalized equivalent feeder has exactly the same resistive characteristics as the actual feeder; resistance of each feeder section is unaltered in value so that the actual kilowatt loss for each section of the entire feeder can be determined from the model, provided the actual load currents are known also introduce a current distribution function which can be easily constructed once the actual load currents and their spatial distribution are known. The current distribution function accounts for the fact that the load currents along a physical feeder are not necessarily distributed uniformly but may occur at discrete points which it is called with load points. P^ does not effect the decision-making process in any significant manner, maximum capacity release by placement of fixed shunt capacitors can be accomplished by minimizing Pl,. When the cost of capacitors is also taken into consideration, the cost function to be minimized by optimal capacitor placement is given by. a C =KpPM +KC J^ k=4 Kp: annual cost per unit of power loss in $/kw/yr. K0: annual cost per unit of installed capacitor in $/kvar three-phase. The modified spatial current distribution function, Fq(x), constructed from the projections of the actual load currents on the q-axis, is dependent upon the feeder voltage. Moreover, the feeder voltage profile depends upon the locations and sizes of the capacitors. Consequently, Fq(x) and ICqk (k=1,2,...,n) are ixSUMMARY OPTİMUM SÎZE AND LOCATION OF SHUNT CAPACITOR ON ENERGY SYSTEM New generalized procedure are developed for optimizing the net savings associated with reduction of power and energy losses through shunt capacitor placement on primary distribution feeders. These procedures are applied to realistle probiems to facilitates their immediate use by the electric utility distribution system designer. it is shown that a basic principle, called here The Equal Area Criterion”, offers significant computational and physical insight into numerous probiems outside the bounds of studies previously reported and widely accepted in industry. Shunt capacitors have been installed on distribution primary feeders to improve feeder voltage profile via power factor correction. it has been also wldely recognized that the application of shunt capacitors results in reduction of power and energy losses in the feeder. Hence, full benefits from the use of shunt capacitor can only be achieved through simultaneous consideration of the above- mentioned two effects. The problem of installing shunt capacitors on distribution primary feeders has been dealt wrth by many researchers such as Neagle and Samson, Cook, Schmill, Chang, Rankine and others. in applying their results to specific, physically-based probiems, however, most previous work suffers from the follovving standpoints: 1.Very restricted reactive-load distribution such as uniform-load distribution ör a combination of concentrated and uniformly distributed loads have been extensively is used in most analyses. Wire size of the feeder has been usually assumed to be uniform. it is apparent that solutions obtained under these assumptions. 2.Very often analyses were concemed wtth specified cases, e.g. the case of öne capacitor bank, two capacitor banks, ete. Because of the lack of those formulae, utility companies having different situation may not be abie to apply those results their systems. The primary objective of this paper is to remove certain unrealistic assumptions and to present very general and yet simple procedures for implementation so that they can be easily and readily modified, adapted, and extended depending upon conditions of the system in question. Postponing consideration of voltage corrtrol probiems to our future reports, We will deal only with savings due to power and energy loss reductions using shunt capacitors. it should be mentioned that the problem formulation and the solution approaches to vifeeders. Industry practices in this regard are mainly heuristic and based on guidelines from a number of publications which have appeared over the years. All of these references present results which are restrictive because of one or more of the following: 1. Loads are assumed to uniformly distributed along feeders. 2. No changes in wire-sizes along the feeder are considered. 3. Cost of capacitors is not accounted for. 4. Voltage changes along the feeders are not considered. Grainger and Lee present new procedures which remove the first three restrictions above. The present paper presents an extended methodology which also removes the restriction on voltage variation and allows for incorporation of an a.c. load flow program into the procedure for radial feeder compensation. A realistic primary distribution system is tapered so that sections with different wire-sizes extend radialy from the substation towards the and of the feeder. Using the procedures, the distribution engineer can easily develop a normalized equivalent feeder having a uniform resistance r per unit length. The normalized equivalent feeder has exactly the same resistive characteristics as the actual feeder; resistance of each feeder section is unaltered in value so that the actual kilowatt loss for each section of the entire feeder can be determined from the model, provided the actual load currents are known also introduce a current distribution function which can be easily constructed once the actual load currents and their spatial distribution are known. The current distribution function accounts for the fact that the load currents along a physical feeder are not necessarily distributed uniformly but may occur at discrete points which it is called with load points. P^ does not effect the decision-making process in any significant manner, maximum capacity release by placement of fixed shunt capacitors can be accomplished by minimizing Pl,. When the cost of capacitors is also taken into consideration, the cost function to be minimized by optimal capacitor placement is given by. a C =KpPM +KC J^ k=4 Kp: annual cost per unit of power loss in $/kw/yr. K0: annual cost per unit of installed capacitor in $/kvar three-phase. The modified spatial current distribution function, Fq(x), constructed from the projections of the actual load currents on the q-axis, is dependent upon the feeder voltage. Moreover, the feeder voltage profile depends upon the locations and sizes of the capacitors. Consequently, Fq(x) and ICqk (k=1,2,...,n) are ixSUMMARY OPTİMUM SÎZE AND LOCATION OF SHUNT CAPACITOR ON ENERGY SYSTEM New generalized procedure are developed for optimizing the net savings associated with reduction of power and energy losses through shunt capacitor placement on primary distribution feeders. These procedures are applied to realistle probiems to facilitates their immediate use by the electric utility distribution system designer. it is shown that a basic principle, called here The Equal Area Criterion", offers significant computational and physical insight into numerous probiems outside the bounds of studies previously reported and widely accepted in industry. Shunt capacitors have been installed on distribution primary feeders to improve feeder voltage profile via power factor correction. it has been also wldely recognized that the application of shunt capacitors results in reduction of power and energy losses in the feeder. Hence, full benefits from the use of shunt capacitor can only be achieved through simultaneous consideration of the above- mentioned two effects. The problem of installing shunt capacitors on distribution primary feeders has been dealt wrth by many researchers such as Neagle and Samson, Cook, Schmill, Chang, Rankine and others. in applying their results to specific, physically-based probiems, however, most previous work suffers from the follovving standpoints: 1.Very restricted reactive-load distribution such as uniform-load distribution ör a combination of concentrated and uniformly distributed loads have been extensively is used in most analyses. Wire size of the feeder has been usually assumed to be uniform. it is apparent that solutions obtained under these assumptions. 2.Very often analyses were concemed wtth specified cases, e.g. the case of öne capacitor bank, two capacitor banks, ete. Because of the lack of those formulae, utility companies having different situation may not be abie to apply those results their systems. The primary objective of this paper is to remove certain unrealistic assumptions and to present very general and yet simple procedures for implementation so that they can be easily and readily modified, adapted, and extended depending upon conditions of the system in question. Postponing consideration of voltage corrtrol probiems to our future reports, We will deal only with savings due to power and energy loss reductions using shunt capacitors. it should be mentioned that the problem formulation and the solution approaches to vi
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