Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri, bir coğrafi bilgi sisteminin (AKBIS) tasarımı ve gerçekleştirilmesi
Geographic information sytems, design and implementation of a geographic information system (AKBIS)
- Tez No: 18826
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. M. ORHAN ALTAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri, Geodesy and Photogrammetry
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri, Tasarım, Geographical information systems, Design
- Yıl: 1991
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın temel amacı. Coğrafi Bilgi Sis temlerinin önemini, ilgili temel kavramlarla göz önüne sermek ve aynı zamanda konunun uygulama çalışması olarak“ İ.T.U. Ayazağa Kampusu' Bilgi Sistemi (AKBIS) ”pilot projesinin tasarımı ve gerçekleştirilmesini sağlamaktır. Bir Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi projesine başlamadan önce gerekli önlemleri almak amacıyla, pilot proje esnasında karşılaşılması olası sorunları saptamak ve ayrıca Türkiye'de Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerine ilişkin özellikle uygulama alanında yapılacak veya yapılmakta olan çalışmalara katkıda bulanabilmekte, bu çalışmanın diğer amaçlarını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm, konuya genel bir bakış ve çalışmanın amacını içermekte; ikinci bölüm, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin önemi.yaraları.tarihçesi, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi tanımına kavramsal bir yaklaşım ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sisteminin bileşenleri (coğrafi veriler, donanım, yazılım, personel) konularını ele almaktadır. Üçüncü bölüm, AKBIS Coğrafi veri tabanının oluşturulması ve gerek duyulan rapor ve haritaları üretmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen temel mekansal analiz ve sorgulamaları içeren AKBIS pilot projesinin tasarımı ve gerçekleştirilmesi şeklindeki uygulama çalışmasına ayrılmıştır. Elde edilen AKBIS ürünleri çalışmanın ekler bölümünde sergilenmiştir. Bu çalışmada hedeflenen amaçlara ulaşılmış olup, elde edilen sonuçlar önerilerle birlikte son bölümde sunulmuştur. vi
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTA TION OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (AKBIS) The primary aim of this study is to show up the importance of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) clarifying basic ad hoc aspects and to set up a pilot project on the design and implementation of a GIS, named as AK8IS(abreviation of turkish words“Ayazaga Kampusu Bilgi Sistemi”which means“Information System of Campus Ayazaga of Istanb/xl Technical University), via the software package PC-ARC/İNFO. Determining the problems which are likely to be encountered during the pilot project of a GIS with the purpose of taking necessary precautions in advance before getting started a GIS project and making a contribution to the studies -espacially in application field of GIS in Turkia are composing the secondary objectives of this study. This study is made up of four chapters. The first chapter, contains an overview to this study. The role of the Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering in connection with the computer and GIS tecnology, the general approches to building a GIS in a country and the importance of the GIS are discussed briefly. The second one deals with the GIS itself, pointing out the importance, necessity and benefits of an GIS in detail. An conceptual approch to the definition of GIS aiming to determine the boundaries of its space of interest, the history of the GIS and the components of an GIS (gegraphic data, hardware, software, personnel) are the main subjects comprised in this chapter. The third chapter is dedicated to the design and implementation of the GIS plot project AKBIS, con taining the creation of the AKBIS Geographic Database and basic spatial analyses and queries to produce re ports and maps required. Having been added to this study, some AKBIS products obtained are demonstrated in the forms of hardcopies (plotter outputs) and softcopies (screen images). The goals aimed at with this study have been reached and the results together with suggestions have been presented in the final chapter.At the beginning of civilization when the human being began to settle down to cultivate land, he required information about the condition of the land, its ability to supply food, the availibility of water, and safe places to live. As people began to consen- trate in cetain areas, man needed to protect his interests in land, and to mark out the extent of those interests on the ground. Since concepts of property law started to develop and survey techniques were introduced, land records began to be compiled. As trade expended, and as explorers discovered new teeritory, land was surveyed and mapped. Over the last decades several factors, such as the rapid growth of cities, the need to protect farm lands, and other environmental concerns have multiplied the needs for geographic information. Traditional land records have been unable to meet the variety of needs and to supply the amount of information requiered. The geography and the data describing it are an important part of people's everyday world. Almost every decision they make is constrained, influenced or dictated by some fact of geography. This proves that geographic information is needed to the utmost. Geographic information refers to data about the geography. In general, the term data corresponds to discrete, recorded facts about phenomena from which people gain information about the real world. In the context of geography, data may be considered, as staded above, as data about geography, in other words as data about geographic features such as roads, buildings.etc. and phenomena, such as weather-forecast, earthquackes, etc. Conventional maps provide a very effective graphic information of the geographic features, but they are not very useful for supporting data retrival. Data retrival on these maps is usually done by visual search, a process that is neither efficient nor reliable. Spatial analysis is even more difficult, and the complexity involved is insurmountable beyond simple application. Even for simple application such as calculating the total area accupied by the buildings in the campus of an university, the amount of manual work involved is sometimes prohibitive. Several developments in the field of computer science during the last few decades contributed to the realization of the concept ”Geographic Information Sistems (GIS)“. The most important one is the invention of the computer during 1940's. Computer graphics developed during 1950* s also played an important role on the realization of that concept. In the 1960*s, the computerization of the mapping process leading to the development of digital mapping, helps to solve some problems occured in usingof conventional maps. Those digital mapping systems were mainly automatted mapping <AM) systems. Their chief objective was to produse conventional maps on paper with the aid of a computer. The digital data created in the process were mostly regarded as an intermediate product, and the idea of a geographic database did not quite exit. In the 1970*s. Database Management Systems (DBMS) had great influence. The first attempt to create a geographic database in order to use it beyond automatic drafting was the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS). Unfortunately, up to now the use of the terms database, geographic database, spatial information system, geographic information system, land information system is not yet stadardized. In contrary, there are many software packages available in practical use for, v^ery different applications. Furheron, several modified software packages are in practical use for quite different applications than originally intended. It is not easy to study the feasibility, applicability or economy of different software systems or to compare them with each other, relying only on the information contained in system manuals. The best way overcome those obstacles is to look into the GIS concept, under standing its benefits.capabilities and requierements to solve geo-based problems and performing a GIS pilot project even though in a small scale, as well. People and organizations examining GIS techno logy are initially attracted to it by the many applications and benefits it offers within their own profession, discipline or area of expertise. For example, a planer may want to see how to do a better job of planning and a cartographer may want to see how to better produce or update a map series. There are three GIS capabilities which have major significance for people and organizations : »** The ability to share a common database of geographic information which often leads to better cooperation and a vast reduction in redundancy and inconsistency. *h«* The ability to bring together unrelated data, using location as a method for building the relationships which can lead to interdisciplinary discoveries and cooperation at many levels. *** The ability to aggregate data into larger geographic units that are more useful for the large scale applications which can lead to far better understanding, cooperation and management of the operational units within an organization.In general terms, an information system contains a model of reality which can be used to make decisions This is extremely important in all situations where data collection is expensive, cumbersome or slow. Geographic Information Systems deal with data related to location in real world space which refered to as geographic- or spatial data. A GIS is not simply a computer system for making maps, even if these are drawn at a variety of scales and on a variety of different projections and in different colors. Maps are important to GIS because much information is stored in map form that needs to be converted into computer form; and maps are also important as effective means of demons t rai ting results. But not all geographic information comes from maps (e.g., data about students in various faculties at a university); and not all results are produced in map form (e.g..names of the lecturers at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Istanbul Technical University). « A Geographic Information System is a compound of *** Geographic Data, *e**f Computer Hardware, ***** Computer Software, *** Personnel, designed to ***** collect, ****** storage, ****** manage, ww query and analize, ****** present (display) large volumes of spatial data and associated attributes in order to allow the users ****** to make better decision, ****** to improve productivity, ****** to save time, money and man power. There is a number of definitions of the GIS. Some of them do not include some components of a GIS, such as data and personnel. But it is undeniable that a GIS will not fulfil its capabilities in case of absence any of its components. The first component of a GIS is the gegraphic data which stored in the GIS database. This component includes spatial (graphic, locational ) data, descriptive (non-graphic, attribute) data and spatial relationships among the geographic features. Spatial data »called coordinate data as well, defines the position of the geographic features in space using a referance system relative to known locations on the earth's surface. Descriptive data.known as attributes, are non-locational and non-topologycal data attached to a feature. This data consists of discrete feature codes and a set of user defined attributes such as textualdescriptors, label identifiers and any other phenomena as requiered to describe the feature. For example, a feature such as road may have a set of user defined attributes which may include information on surface material, number of lanes, road name, speed limits etc.. Topological data includes information related to topological structure of data and the spatial relation ships among the varitius geographic features on the earth's surface. Also it provides information on neighborhood of a feature to an other one. The sourses of those geggraphic data may be ****** Conventional maps, ***** Orthophoto- and photomaps, ****** Digital maps ****** Aerial Phographs, ****** Satellite images, ****** Land Observations, ***** Cadastral records, ****** Computer aided drawings, ****** Database files, ****** Text files. The hardware components of a GIS may be organized into three major groups which contain various devices : ***** Data input devices, ****** Manual digitizers, »*» Automatic digitizers, ****** Raster scanners, ****** Vector scanners, ****** Video scanners. ****** Phogrammetric digitizers, ****** Alphanumeric terminal, ****** Tape and floppy disk drivers. ****** Data storage and data processing devices, ****** Data presentation devices, ****** Terminal screen, ****** Plotters, ****** Electrostatic plotters, ****** Pen plotters, ****** Flat-bed plotters, ****** Drum plotters, The software components of A GIS are ****** Data input and data verification software, ****** Data storage and data management software, ****** Data transformation software, ****** Data presentation software, ****** User interface software. Data input and verification software transforms data captured from the graphic data sources into a computer readable form. The means used is the data input devices, one of the computer hardware components. xiData storage and data management software deals with the techniques in which spatial and descriptive data and topological relationships among them are structered and organized. Data transformation software performs the maintanance & manipulation of data, such as updating, editing, windowing, data conversions, generalization, rubber sheeting etc. and data use & analysis, such as spatial querying, spatial analysis, network analysis, computations of area-length-position, digital tarrain analysis etc. Data presentation software has the task to allow the data, both in graphic and in tabular form, to be displayed on terminal screen or/and to be plotted or printed by plotters or printers, respectively. User interface software is composed of all the help programms,, * menus, query languages and macro programing languages to facilitate the communication between computers and people. The last but the most important component of a GIS is the people who deal with the GIS. GIS personnel are listed as follow ****** System Manager, ****** System Analyst, ****** Database Manager, ****** Senior Processor, ***** Cartographer, ****** Digitizer/Key Operator(s), ***** Computer Systems Administrator, ****** Application Programmer (s ), ****** End Users. As quoted before, the design and implementation of a GIS named AKBIS has been realized in two phases : ****** Creation of the AKBIS Geographic Database, ****** Performing basic spatial analysis and queries Data used to create database are manually digitized from the 1:1000 Maps produced by ”MNG Bilgisayar Firması (Ankara)“ by using photogrammetric technique. The software package used to set up AKBIS is PC-ARCINFO provided for this purpose by ”AS-ISLEM Uzaktan Algılama Ltd. Sti. (Ankara)., distributor of ARC/“INF0”. The hardware configuration used is listed below : ****** Intel 80386 / 16 Mhz. microprocessor, ****** Intel 80387 Math, co-processor, ****** Color screen with PGA graphic card ****** 40 Mb. Hard disk with 4 Mb. RAM ****** 1. 3 Mb FDD. ****** 13 x 13“ Calcomp-aOOO Digitizer ****** 101 key keybord.Using PC-ARC/INFO macro language SML a menu as user interface in turkish have been set up. The choices in this user, interface can be summarized in English as follow : **w DRAW *w* DRAW A COMPOSED MAP *»* DRAW A NEW MAP *** QUI T *** QUERY *** RETRIEVE DESCRIPTIVE DATA USING KNOWN LOCATIONAL DATA RETRIEVE LOCATIONAL DATA USING KNOWN DESCRIPTIVE DATA RETRIEVE DESCRIPTIVE DATA USING KNOWN DESCRIPTIVE DATA QUIT WWW - www WWW *** ZOOM *** CLEAR SCREEN *** DELETE A COMPOSED *** QUIT AKBIS. MAP Some layers in AKBIS roads, autoparks, etc. database are buildings. As a conclusion, it is determined that building a GIS is not a simple task but not an impossiple one. Since the technological revolution that caused the shift from an industrial society to an information society proves that a GIS for an organization will be a useful tool, not an expensive toy. By means of this useful tool a number of benefits can be utilized. Some of those are WWW KKX 1CMM W WW Ktt* ”W.-W \£ to reduce dublication of effort in order to reduce costs, to centralize common data to eliminate discrepancies and unnecessary effort invalved in maintaining multiple copies of the same information, to increse efficiency in daily operations, to increase management control, to provide information for decision support and policy making to save time, man power and money. xiii
Benzer Tezler
- Urban stormuater modeling using geographic information systems
Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri kullanılarak kentsel yağmursuyu modellemesi
ALİ FUAT ÇETİN
Yüksek Lisans
İngilizce
1998
İnşaat MühendisliğiOrta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesiİnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
YRD. DOÇ. DR. NURİ MERZİ
- Bir hidrolik sistemin coğrafi bilgi sistemi ile tanımlanması
Definition of a hydrologic system by using geographic information system
TARKAN EREN
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
1997
Jeoloji MühendisliğiHacettepe ÜniversitesiJeoloji (hidrejeoloji) Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. ALPARSLAN ARIKAN
- Dağınık parametreli hidrolik modellemede coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin kullanılması
Application of geographic information systems in distributed hydrologic modeling
ARMAĞAN KARABULUT
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
1998
Jeoloji MühendisliğiHacettepe ÜniversitesiJeoloji (hidrejeoloji) Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. ALPASLAN ARIKAN
- Sayısal jeoloji haritaları ve ilgili veri tabanının oluşturulmasına bir örnek. Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi
Başlık çevirisi yok
UFUK TARI
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
1998
Jeoloji Mühendisliğiİstanbul Teknik ÜniversitesiJeoloji Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
DOÇ. DR. OKAN TÜYSÜZ
- Kıyı bölgesi yönetiminde coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinin kullanımı ve İzmir Körfezi için bir uygulama
Başlık çevirisi yok
DOĞAN ÖNER
Doktora
Türkçe
1994
Su ÜrünleriDokuz Eylül ÜniversitesiDeniz Teknolojisi Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
PROF. DR. ADNAN AKYARLI