Afet sonrasında kullanılacak geçici barınma ünitelerinin yapısal kuruluş ve malzeme özelliklerine göre ısıl performansının değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of the thermal performance of temporary shelter units used after disasters based on their structural configuration and material properties
- Tez No: 1015852
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. CANER GÖÇER
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2026
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknoloji Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
Afet kavramı, doğal ya da insan kaynaklı olaylar sonucunda toplumun işleyişini kesintiye uğratan, can ve mal kayıplarına neden olan olağanüstü durumları ifade etmektedir. Günümüzde afetlerin süreklilik kazanması, bu olgunun geçici bir durum olmaktan çıkarak birlikte yaşamayı öğrenmemiz gereken bir gerçeklik hâline geldiğini göstermektedir. Bu durum, afet sonrası süreçlerin yalnızca acil müdahale aşamalarıyla sınırlı kalmayıp, barınma ve yaşam koşullarının sürdürülebilirliği çerçevesinde ele alınmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Afet sonrası ortaya çıkan geçici barınma ihtiyacı, bu sürecin en kritik noktalarından biridir. Afet sonrası geçici barınma çözümleri çoğunlukla hızlı üretim, kolay kurulum ve düşük maliyet öncelikleriyle geliştirilmektedir. Bu yaklaşım, yapıların uzun süreli kullanım potansiyelinin ve iç mekân konfor koşullarının yeterince dikkate alınmamasına yol açmaktadır. Geçici barınma üniteleri öngörülen sürenin ötesinde kullanılabilmekte ve yetersiz konfor koşulları kullanıcı sağlığı, yaşam kalitesi ve ısıl performans açısından önemli sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu nedenle geçici barınma ünitelerinin yalnızca yapısal güvenlik açısından değil, aynı zamanda ısıl performans açısından da değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Yapısal kuruluş biçimi, yapı kabuğu sürekliliği ve malzeme özellikleri ısıl performansı doğrudan etkileyen temel unsurlar arasında yer almakta; özellikle taşıyıcı sistem elemanlarının yalıtım hattını kesmesiyle oluşan ısı köprüleri, iç mekân ısıl konforunu olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu tez çalışması, afet sonrasında kullanılacak geçici barınma ünitelerinin yapısal kuruluş ve malzeme özelliklerine bağlı olarak ısıl performanslarının değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, geçici barınma ünitelerinde taşıyıcı sistem–yalıtım ilişkisi sonucu oluşan ısı köprülerinin, yapıların ısıl performansı üzerindeki belirleyici etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda öncelikle dünyada afet sonrası kullanılan geçici barınma çözümleri değerlendirilmiş; bu örnekler üzerinden en yaygın kullanılan yapım sistemleri ve malzemeler belirlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda geliştirilen yeni modelde, farklı yapım sistemleri ile dış duvar kaplama ve duvar konstrüksiyon malzemelerinin ısıl performans üzerindeki etkilerini karşılaştırmak amacıyla çeşitli senaryolar oluşturulmuştur. Bu senaryoların ısıl performansları, DesignBuilder simülasyon programı aracılığıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen değerlendirmeler, geçici barınma ünitelerinde yapı kabuğu sürekliliği, taşıyıcı sistem–yalıtım ilişkisi ve malzeme özelliklerinin ısıl performans üzerinde belirleyici olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu kapsamda, ısı köprülerinin azaltılmasına yönelik yapısal ve malzeme temelli tasarım kararlarının iç mekân ısıl konforu ve yapı performansının iyileştirilmesi açısından önemli olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.
Özet (Çeviri)
Disasters are extraordinary events that cause severe disruption to the physical, social, and economic structures of societies, often resulting in mass displacement and urgent housing shortages. Among various disaster types, earthquakes are particularly destructive due to their sudden onset and large-scale spatial impact, frequently rendering residential environments unusable within minutes. In the aftermath of major seismic events, the provision of temporary shelter becomes one of the most critical components of post-disaster recovery. However, temporary shelter units should not be regarded solely as short-term emergency responses. In many real-world post-disaster scenarios, such units remain in use for extended periods, sometimes lasting several years. Consequently, their design must address not only structural safety and rapid deployment, but also long-term thermal performance, energy efficiency, and indoor environmental quality within a sustainability-oriented framework. Temporary shelter systems are generally developed with priorities such as rapid production, modularity, transportability, and cost efficiency. While these parameters are essential in emergency conditions, they often result in limited attention being given to building physics performance. Simplified wall assemblies, insufficient insulation continuity, and structural systems that interrupt insulation layers can significantly alter heat transfer mechanisms within the building envelope. Increased conductive and convective heat losses during heating periods, as well as unwanted heat gains during cooling seasons, directly affect indoor thermal comfort and annual operational energy consumption. Particularly in countries such as Türkiye, which is located on active seismic fault lines and experiences diverse climatic conditions across regions, temporary shelter design must incorporate climate-responsive and energy-conscious principles from the early planning stages. Thermal performance in lightweight construction systems is strongly influenced by the interaction between structural configuration and insulation strategy. One of the most critical phenomena affecting energy performance is the formation of thermal bridges. Thermal bridges occur when structural elements penetrate, interrupt, or bypass the insulation layer, creating localized zones of increased thermal conductivity and reduced surface temperature. In timber frame systems, light steel constructions, panelized assemblies, and modular cellular units, load-bearing components frequently compromise insulation continuity. Even when wall assemblies satisfy regulatory U value requirements, linear thermal bridge effects may significantly increase annual heating demand. Therefore, a realistic performance assessment must consider not only overall transmittance values but also structural–insulation interaction at junctions and connections. xxiii The primary aim of this thesis is to evaluate the thermal performance of temporary shelter units used after disasters based on their structural configuration and material properties. The study focuses on how different construction systems and envelope compositions influence annual heating and cooling loads, total energy consumption, and Energy Use Intensity (EUI). Within this scope, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze post-disaster temporary shelter implementations worldwide. Approximately thirty case studies were examined in terms of structural systems, wall construction details, envelope materials, and spatial organization. The analysis revealed three predominant construction approaches: skeleton (frame) systems, panel systems, and cellular (modular) systems. These systems differ considerably in structural detailing logic, insulation placement strategy, and envelope continuity, all of which influence thermal bridge formation. Based on the findings of the literature review, a reference shelter model was developed to enable controlled comparison between structural alternatives. The plan layout, internal zoning, envelope geometry, and functional requirements were kept constant across all scenarios. By maintaining identical spatial configuration and operational assumptions, variations in energy performance could be attributed primarily to structural configuration and material differences. Multiple scenarios were generated by systematically varying construction system type, wall assembly composition, and external cladding materials. Special emphasis was placed on the structural–insulation relationship and the potential formation of thermal bridges at structural junctions. A structured coding system was developed to categorize scenarios and facilitate comparative analysis. Thermal performance was evaluated using the DesignBuilder energy simulation software operating through the EnergyPlus calculation engine. For each scenario, annual heating energy demand, cooling energy demand, total annual energy consumption, and Energy Use Intensity (EUI) were calculated. Operational parameters such as occupancy schedules, internal heat gains, ventilation rates, infiltration assumptions, and thermostat setpoints were kept constant across all simulations. This ensured that performance differences emerged from structural and material variations rather than user-dependent variables. Climatic boundary conditions corresponding to Istanbul were selected. Istanbul represents a moderate and mixed climate with both heating and cooling requirements, allowing the structural impact on seasonal energy demand to be clearly observed. The balanced climatic characteristics of Istanbul make it suitable for identifying performance differences that may not be apparent in exclusively heating- or cooling-dominated climates. In addition to annual energy demand calculations, the evaluation framework considered regulatory compliance within the context of TS 825 thermal insulation standards. Although wall assemblies may meet minimum U-value requirements, simulation results indicate that insulation continuity and structural detailing significantly affect actual energy performance. In several scenarios, configurations that complied with U-value limits still exhibited higher annual heating loads due to thermal bridge formation. This finding highlights the limitations of steady-state transmittance evaluation when structural discontinuities are not considered. Therefore, performance-based simulation approaches provide a more comprehensive understanding of real thermal behavior in temporary shelter systems. xxiv The comparative analysis demonstrates that structural configuration plays a decisive role in annual heating performance. Skeleton systems exhibited greater sensitivity to thermal bridge effects, particularly in configurations where structural members penetrated the insulation layer. Panel systems showed improved insulation continuity under certain detailing conditions, resulting in comparatively reduced heating loads. Cellular or modular systems demonstrated performance variations depending on joint detailing and material composition. While changes in wall construction materials significantly influenced heating demand, variations in external cladding materials produced comparatively moderate changes in total annual energy consumption. These findings indicate that structural detailing and insulation continuity have a stronger impact on thermal performance than external finishing materials alone. Beyond total annual energy values, the distribution of heat transfer through linear thermal bridges became proportionally more significant in lightweight structural systems. Localized temperature gradients formed around structural members increased conductive heat losses during winter conditions. Systems with continuous insulation layers exhibited more stable internal temperature behavior and reduced seasonal heating peaks. Conversely, configurations with interrupted insulation were more sensitive to outdoor temperature fluctuations, leading to higher heating demand variability. These results confirm that structural design decisions influence not only total energy consumption but also indoor thermal stability. The study also demonstrates that relatively minor improvements in structural detailing can produce measurable energy savings. Adjustments that enhance insulation continuity or reduce structural penetration through thermal layers significantly decrease annual heating demand without substantially altering construction logistics. This finding is particularly important for post-disaster contexts, where economic and logistical constraints are critical. Thermal optimization does not necessarily require complex redesign; rather, informed structural decisions during early planning stages can achieve meaningful performance improvements. Another significant contribution of this research lies in its methodological framework. The structured scenario comparison approach allows adaptation to different climatic regions by modifying boundary conditions and regulatory criteria. Although Istanbul was selected as a representative moderate climate case, the analytical method can be extended to heating-dominated or cooling-dominated regions. Future research may incorporate detailed two-dimensional thermal bridge calculations, hygrothermal analysis, life-cycle energy assessment, or embodied carbon evaluation to expand the sustainability dimension of temporary shelter design. In conclusion, this thesis confirms that building envelope continuity, structural insulation interaction, and material selection are decisive parameters influencing the thermal performance of temporary shelter units. Integrating thermal bridge minimization strategies at early design stages improves indoor thermal comfort and reduces annual energy demand. Since temporary shelter units often function as long term residential environments in post-disaster contexts, performance-oriented design principles should be embedded in emergency housing planning. By providing a comparative and simulation-based evaluation of structural systems, this research contributes to the development of more resilient and energy-efficient temporary shelter solutions.
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